Lesson 2

Question 1

Rationalism.

Answer 1

is the belief that truth is discovered by reason and factual analysis.

Question 2

Empiricism.

Answer 2

is the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation.

Question 3

Replication.

Answer 3

involves conducting a study in the exact same manner as a previous study in order to the confirm the findings from that study.

Question 4

Rule of parsimony.

Answer 4

Simplest theory that explains all the evidence is

the best one

Question 5

tenacity

Answer 5

I believe X because that’s

what I’ve always heard.

Question 6

AUTHORITY

Answer 6

I believe X because Y says it’s true.

Question 7

EXPERIENCE

Answer 7

I believe X because I see it all the time.

Question 8

EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

Answer 8

Systematic or formal observation to obtain objective, reliable, valid, and often quantitative measures of the matter of interest.

Question 9

LOGICAL REASONING

Answer 9

A system of rules regarding the

relationship between premises and conclusions.

Question 10

Experimental method

Answer 10

A set of rules and techniques for observation

Question 11

Demand Characteristics

Answer 11

Those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects.

Question 12

Descriptive statistics

Answer 12

-Summarize data
– Organize data
– Simplify data

Question 13

Inferential statistics

Answer 13

Calculations that determine whether an IV had a significant effect

Question 14

Parameter

Answer 14

Numerical values summarizing population data

Question 15

Sample

Answer 15

A set of individuals selected from a population

Question 16

Statistic

Answer 16

Numerical values summarizing sample data

Question 17

Random Sample

Answer 17

Every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study

Question 18

Convenience Sample

Answer 18

Participants are selected for their accessibility or ease of testing

Question 19

what is an issue with a Convenience Sample?

Answer 19

Representativeness

Question 20

Random Selection

Answer 20

Everyone in the population being studied has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study

Question 21

Random Assignment

Answer 21

Everyone in the study has an equal chance of being assigned to each of the study groups

Question 22

Sample error

Answer 22

The discrepancy, or amount of error, that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter

Question 23

Variable

Answer 23

Characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals

Question 24

Data

Answer 24

Measurements or observations of a variable

Question 25

Datum

Answer 25

A single measurement or observation

Question 26

frequency distribution

Answer 26

An organized tabulation, Showing the number of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement

Question 27

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 27

Mathematical methods used too organize and summarize, or describe data

Question 28

Central tendency

Answer 28

– Mode: Value of the most frequently observed measurement – Mean: Average value of all the measurements – Median: Value that is in the middle

Question 29

Range

Answer 29

Value of the largest measurement in a frequency distribution minus the value of the smallest measurement

Question 30

Standard deviation

Answer 30

Statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution calculated as the square root of the sum of the squared deviations from the mean divided by the number of scores

Question 31

Positive Correlation

Answer 31

Two variables change systematically in the same direction, either increasing or decreasing together.

Question 32

Negative Correlation

Answer 32

Two variables change systematically in the opposite directions, one increasing as the other decreases.

Question 33

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 33

Measure of the direction and strength of a correlation (r)

Question 34

Independent Variable (IV)

Answer 34

Variable directly manipulated by the researcher, Independent because no other variable influences its value

Question 35

Dependent Variable (DV)

Answer 35

Response observed by the researcher, Dependent because its value is thought to depend on the IV

Question 36

Extraneous Variables

Answer 36

Other unwanted uncontrolled for factors that could influence the DV, INVALIDATES AN EXPERIMENT

Question 37

Internal Validity

Answer 37

Characteristic of an experiment that established the causal relationship between variables

Question 38

External Validity

Answer 38

Property of an experiment in which the variables have been operationally defined in a normal, typical, or reaslistic way

Question 39

non‐experimental method

Answer 39

lacks the manipulation of IV, random assignment of participants to conditions, or both