lesson 9

Question 1

Developmental psychology

Answer 1

Study of continuity and change across the lifespan

Question 2

Germinal stage

Answer 2

2‐week period that begins at conception

Question 3

Zygote

Answer 3

Fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg

Question 4

Embryonic stage

Answer 4

Period that lasts from the 2nd week until about the 8th week

Question 5

Fetal stage

Answer 5

Period that lasts from the 9th week until birth

Question 6

Myelination

Answer 6

Formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron

Question 7

womb

Answer 7

an environment that affects an unborn baby in many ways.

Question 8

placenta

Answer 8

the organ that links the blood streams of the mother to the unborn baby that permits the exchange of materials.

Question 9

Teratogens

Answer 9

Agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses

Question 10

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 10

Developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

Question 11

Infancy

Answer 11

Stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months

Question 12

Cephalocaudal rule

Answer 12

‘Top‐to‐bottom’ rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet

Question 13

Proximodistal rule

Answer 13

‘Inside‐to‐outside’ rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery

Question 14

Cognitive development

Answer 14

Emergence of the ability to think and understand

Question 15

Jean Piaget

Answer 15

(1896‐1980) created stages of cognitive development.

Question 16

Sensorimotor stage (birth‐2 years)

Answer 16

Infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it

Question 17

Schemas

Answer 17

Theories about or models of the way the world works

Question 18

Assimilation

Answer 18

Process by which infants apply their schemas in novel

situations

Question 19

Accommodation

Answer 19

The process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information

Question 20

Object permanence

Answer 20

Idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible

Question 21

Preoperational stage (2‐6years)

Answer 21

Children have a preliminary understanding of the physical world

Question 22

Concrete operational stage (6‐11years)

Answer 22

Children learn how various actions or operations can affect or transform concrete objects

Question 23

Conservation

Answer 23

Notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object’s appearance

Question 24

Formal operational stage (11years+)

Answer 24

Children can solve non‐ physical problems; abstract thinking

Question 25

Childhood

Answer 25

Stage of development that begins at about 18‐24 months and lasts until adolescence

Question 26

Egocentrism

Answer 26

Failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers; observed during preoperational stage

Question 27

Theory of mind

Answer 27

Idea that human behaviour is guided by mental representations

Question 28

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 28

(1896‐1934) believed children develop through interactions with members of his/her own culture.

Question 29

Joint attention

Answer 29

Ability to focus on what another person is focused on

Question 30

Social referencing

Answer 30

Ability to use another person’s reactions as information about the world

Question 31

Imitation

Answer 31

Ability to do what another person does

Question 32

Harry Harlow

Answer 32

(1905‐1981) conducted attachment experiments with baby monkeys.

Question 33

Konrad Lorenz

Answer 33

(1903‐1989) discovered imprinting in newly hatched goslings.

Question 34

John Bowlby

Answer 34

(1907‐1990) argued that infants innately channel signals to primary caregivers to form attachment.

Question 35

Attachment

Answer 35

Emotional bond that forms between new borns and their primary caregivers

Question 36

Strange situation

Answer 36

Behavioural test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child’s attachment style

Question 37

Internal working model of relationships

Answer 37

Set of beliefs about the self, the primary caregiver, and the relationship between them

Question 38

Temperaments

Answer 38

Characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity.

Question 39

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 39

(1927‐1987) developed a theory of three stages in moral development

Question 40

Preconventional stage (childhood)

Answer 40

Morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor

Question 41

Conventional stage (adolescence)

Answer 41

Morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

Question 42

Postconventional stage (adults)

Answer 42

Morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values

Question 43

Moral intuitionist perspective

Answer 43

Perceptions of right and wrong are evolutionarily emotional reactions

Question 44

Adolescence

Answer 44

Period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11‐14 years of age) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (about 18‐21 years of age)

Question 45

Puberty

Answer 45

Bodily changes associated with sexual maturity

Question 46

Primary sex characteristics

Answer 46

Bodily structures that are directly involved in | reproduction

Question 47

Secondary sex characteristics

Answer 47

Bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction

Question 48

Erik Erikson

Answer 48

(1902‐1994) developed stages of human development | that all humans go through.

Question 49

Adulthood

Answer 49

Stage of development that begins around 18 to 21 years and ends at death.

Question 50

socio‐emotional selectivity theory

Answer 50

states that younger adults are oriented toward future‐pertinent (useful) information while older adults focus on (positive) emotional satisfaction in the present, perhaps because of shortened futures.