lesson 2

Question 1

stores all the information for the structures and functions of the cell

Answer 1

dna

Question 2

. The genetic information of bacteria is stored in

Answer 2

chromosome and plasmid

Question 3

the virulence factors of bacteria are mediated by

Answer 3

mutation
recombination processes (conjugation, transformation, transduction)

Question 4

mobile genetics

Answer 4

plasmids

Question 5

carry genes that recombine with the recipient

Answer 5

mobile genetics elements

Question 6

Antibiotic resistance gene is acquired through

Answer 6

HGT

Question 7

result of recombination

Answer 7

, an avirulent organism can acquire virulence genes.

Question 8

are linear sequences of DNA that carry coded information for the structure and function of an organism

Answer 8

gene

Question 9

-Bacterial chromosome is typically circular, double stranded chain of nucleotides.

Answer 9

chromosome

Question 10

are extrachromosomal DNA molecules.

Answer 10

plasmids

Question 11

examples of plasmids

Answer 11

F (fertility factors)
R (resistance)
Virulence plasmids

Question 12

transposable element that contains the genes for transposition, and one or more more genes as well.

Answer 12

transposons

Question 13

for toxin production or R genes conferring resistance to antibiotics

Answer 13

tetracycline, chloramphenicol, or ampicillin.

Question 14

can move R genes from one plasmid to another or to bacterial genes.

Answer 14

transposon

Question 15

are bacteria-associated from molecules that are required for a bacterium to cause disease.

Answer 15

virulence factors

Question 16

Cluster of virulence genes

Answer 16

pathogenicity islands

Question 17

Encode variety of virulence factors such as toxins, superantigens, adhesins, iron uptake systems, secretion systems III and IV, and many effectors that modulate behavior of host cells.

Answer 17

pathogenicity islands

Question 18

are sequences of DNA that can move both within and between genomes

Answer 18

mobile genetic elements

Question 19

examples of MGT

Answer 19

Plasmids, transposon54s, prophages, insertion sequences

Question 20

Plasmids, transposon54s, prophages, insertion sequences

Answer 20

MGE

Question 21

Change in nucleotide sequence of a gene

Answer 21

mutations

Question 22

Forms of mutations observed in bacteria

Answer 22

base substitutions
microinsertions and microdeletions of base [pairs
reversions
deletions of multiple base pairs
insertions during recombination
translocation
inversions

Question 23

code for the same amino acid

Answer 23

silent mutation

Question 24

code for a different amino acid

Answer 24

missense mutation

Question 25

code for a stop amino acid resulting to a truncated protein

Answer 25

nonsense mutation

Question 26

-frameshift mutations: + or – frameshifts

Answer 26

Microinsertions and microdeletions of base pairs

Question 27

mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

Answer 27

alteration of targets alteration of membrane permeability development of enzymes alteration of enzymes alteration of metabolic pathways eliminations of antibiotic through membrane bound efflux pump

Question 28

mechanism that usually affects the ribosomes of bacteria

Answer 28

alteration of targets

Question 29

the antimicrobial agent can no longer bind to the target

Answer 29

alteration of target

Question 30

caused by the resistance to erythromycin rifamycin and antimetabolites

Answer 30

alteration of targets

Question 31

mechanism that induce changes in nature of proteins in the membrane

Answer 31

alteration of membrane permeability

Question 32

alteration of membrane permeability causes resistance to

Answer 32

tetracycline, quinolonoes, some aminoglycosides

Question 33

mechanism of bacteria that ables them to destroy or inactivate antimicrobial agents

Answer 33

development of enzymes

Question 34

example of enzymes produced by bacteria to render penicillins and cephalosporins ineffective

Answer 34

beta-lactamase which catalyzes beta lactam rings

Question 35

alteration of enzymes affect what antibiotic

Answer 35

sulfonamide

Question 36

when bacteria bypasses pathways inhibited by the antimicrobial agent

Answer 36

alteration of metabolic pathways

Question 37

what bacterias were found using efflux mechanism

Answer 37

e coli, salmonella typhimurium, pseudomonas auruginosa, campylobacter jejuni

Question 38

what tpe of efflux pump is found in gram negative and positive bacteria

Answer 38

negative- single and multiple efflux component positive- single component

Question 39

a process that requires direct contact through the conjugative sex (plasmid) of the donor and recipient cells

Answer 39

conjugation

Question 40

it trnasfers much larger quantities of dna

Answer 40

conjugation

Question 41

the dna acquired is incorporated into bacteriophage nuclei acid and transferred by progeny of the phage to susceptible recipient cells

Answer 41

transduction

Question 42

viruses that infect bacteria

Answer 42

bacteriophage

Question 43

2 forms of transduction and differentiate

Answer 43

generalized is when the any gene (genetic marker) of the host bacterium can be transferred while specialized, only genes near the attachment site of the phage on the chromosome of host cell are involved

Question 44

transfer of free or naked dna containing genes on a segment of chromosomal or plasmid dna from a lysed donor bacterium

Answer 44

transformation

Question 45

the ability of the bacterium to take up free dna

Answer 45

competence

Question 46

bacillus anthracis virulence factor

Answer 46

capsule, toxins/plasmid

Question 47

clostridium botulinum virulence factors

Answer 47

neurotoxins/bacteriophages

Question 48

e coli virulence factors

Answer 48

shiga-like toxin, enterotoxins, heat-stable toxin, siderophore production/transposons

Question 49

salmonella Dublin virulence factors

Answer 49

serum resistance factor or plasmid

Question 50

staphylococcus aureus virulence factor

Answer 50

enterotoxin (a,d,e) toxic shoxk syndrome factor 1

Question 51

yersinia pestis virulence factors

Answer 51

coagulase, fibrinolysin

Question 52

antibiotic resistance can be passed germ to germ by

Answer 52

mobile genetic elements like plasmid, transposon, bacteriophae

Question 53

what ability does the sulfonamide resistant bacteria acquired

Answer 53

to use ready made folic acid from environment and no longer need PABA