LESSON 2

Question 1

Abnormality is caused by a single factor

Answer 1

One dimensional model

Question 2

certain behavior or disorder have multiple possible causes

Ex. depression can be caused by genetics, trauma, learned helplessness

Answer 2

Principle of Equifinality

Question 3

____ have effect in the statistics of psychopathology (Bulimia nervosa occurs almost
entirely in young women since the pressures for men to be
thin are less apparent)

Answer 3

Gender roles

Question 4

Fright disorders sometimes are caused by ____ and ___(e.g., __- fright disorder in Latin America wherein an individual believes that he or she has become the
object of black magic, or witchcraft)

Answer 4

Culture and society
susto

Question 5

momentarily emotional tone that accompanies what we say and what we do

observable o nakikitang pagpapakita ng emosyon ng isang tao. Ibig sabihin, ito ang paraan kung paano natin nakikita o nararamdaman ng iba ang emosyon ng isang indibidwal—sa pamamagitan ng facial expressions, tono ng boses, body language, at iba pang nonverbal cues.

observable expression (party, laughing)

mas pansamantalang ekspresyon ng emosyon na nakikita sa labas.

Halimbawa, kahit na may depressive mood ang isang tao, kung minsan ay may flat o restricted affect siya—ibig sabihin, hindi niya ipinapakita nang malakas ang kanyang emosyon sa kanyang expression.

Answer 5

Affect

Question 6

• it occurs in a more persistent period of time

Answer 6

Mood

Question 7

subjective feeling in response to a certain event and lasts within a short duration

Answer 7

Emotion

Question 8

have a direct and dramatic impact on one’s functioning and play a central role in many
mental disorders (i.e., mood, a persistent period of
is often evident in psychological disorders)

Answer 8

Emotions

Question 9

Occurs when people are exposed to a danger in which they will experience a
surge of adrenaline to either fight the threat or escape from it

Answer 9

Fight-or-fight response

Question 10

refers to UNOBSERVABLE feelings
and cognitions obtained from individual’s self-report or behavior: Stroop color naming
paradigm is one of the methods which can reveal one’s black box (unconscious)

Answer 10

Black box

Question 11

People clearly act on the basis of things that occurred in the past but do not remember
those events

natutunan ng body (ex. riding a bike even if you dont ride anymore)

Answer 11

Implicit memory

Question 12

People sometimes process, store and act on information even without the slightest
awareness about it (e.g., blind sight or unconscious vision)

Answer 12

Unconscious

Question 13

❏ Believed to be linked in dissociative disorders

Answer 13

Unconscious

Question 14

People are highly prepared of learning certain objects, things and events due to
evolution

Answer 14

Prepared learning

Question 15

❏ Believed to contribute to the higher cases of phobias in certain animals compared to
non-threatening things

Ibig sabihin, may mga associations na mas madali nating matutunan kaysa sa iba dahil ito ay “handang-handa” na ng ating sistema para sa survival.

Halimbawa, mas madali tayong natututo na matakot sa mga bagay na historically naging banta sa ating buhay gaya ng ahas, gagamba, o ibang mga predators, kumpara sa mga bagay na hindi naman nauugnay sa panganib gaya ng mga bulaklak o mga maliliit na insekto na hindi mapanganib.

Answer 15

Prepared learning

Question 16

People can learn a behavior by just observing what happens to someone else
on a given situation
❏ Much of what we know depends on our interactions with others

Answer 16

Social learning

Question 17

Proposed by Albert Bandura

Answer 17

Social learning

Question 18

• Proposed by ___
  People develop better psychological and physical functioning if they portray an optimistic attitude despite
  considerable amount of stress

Answer 18

Martin seligman
Learned optimism

Question 19

• Coined by Martin seligman
  People become depressed if they “think” or “decide” that they can do little about
  the stress after learning that their behavior has no effect in the environment

Answer 19

Learned helplessness

Question 20

❏ A way of learning through pairing and associating two things or events
❏ Linked to some abnormal behavior and
psychological disorders

Answer 20

Conditioning

Question 21

Field of study that deals with how we acquire and process information and how we store
and ultimately retrieve it
❏ There has been enormous progress in terms of
viewing and understanding psychopathology
in the lens of behavioral and cognitive science

Answer 21

Cognitive science

Question 22

Mental disorders cannot be attributed to a single
part of the nervous system.
❏ Brain structure and neural processes provide tendency for behavior, but behavior as well as various psychosocial influences can alter
biological components.

Answer 22

Biological influences

Question 23

acts as a SWITCH to other
neurotransmitters and related to PLEASURE seeking behavior

Answer 23

Dopamine

Question 24

regulates behavioral tendencies as well as bodily functions
during fight-or-flight responses

Answer 24

Norepinephrine

Question 25

regulates mood, behavior and thought processes

Answer 25

Serotonin

Question 26

inhibits and regulates neural activity

Answer 26

GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Question 27

turns on many different neurons

Answer 27

Glutamate

Question 28

process where neurotransmitters return back to the neuron where they came from

Answer 28

Reuptake

Question 29

drugs that perform the opposite function of the neurotransmitter

Answer 29

Inverse agonist

Question 30

drugs that reduce/block activity

Answer 30

Antagonist

Question 31

drugs that increase activity

Answer 31

Agonist

Question 32

system involved in some psychological disorders and is responsible in AROUSAL and STRESS

Answer 32

(HPA Axis) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis

Question 33

switches off the sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 33

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 34

responsible for mobilizing body during stress or dange | controls involuntary (often referred as Flight or fight system)

Answer 34

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 35

regulates cardiovascular and endocrine system as well as digestion and body temperature

Answer 35

Autonomic nervous system

Question 36

controls voluntary movements

Answer 36

Somatic nervous system

Question 37

higher cognitive functions such as thinking and reasoning, planning for the future, as well as long-term memory

Answer 37

Prefrontal cortex

Question 38

planning of movements, memory and some aspects of emotion

Answer 38

Frontal lobe

Question 39

integrating visual inputs

Answer 39

Occipital lobe

Question 40

recognizing touch and monitoring body positioning

Answer 40

Parietal lobe

Question 41

recognizing sights and sounds with long-term memory storage

Answer 41

Temporal lobe

Question 42

perception and creation of images

Answer 42

Right hemisphere

Question 43

verbal and other cognitive processes

Answer 43

Left hemisphere

Question 44

mainly responsible for complex process such as planning and reasoning

Answer 44

Cerebral cortex

Question 45

controls motor activity

Answer 45

Basal ganglia

Question 46

regulates emotional experiences, expressions, impulses and involves basic drives; includes such structures as the hippocampus (sea horse), cingulate gyrus (girdle), septum (partition), and amygdala (almond)

Answer 46

Limbic system

Question 47

regulate behavior and emotions as well as bridge the transmission of forebrain and brainstem

Answer 47

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 48

responsible for higher and complex mental processes

Answer 48

Forebrain

Question 49

responsible for higher and complex mental processes

Answer 49

Forebrain

Question 50

sensory input and contains parts of reticular activating system (arousal and tension)

Answer 50

Midbrain

Question 51

regulates many automatic activities such as breathing, heartbeat, digestion and motor coordination (only for cerebellum)

Answer 51

Hindbrain

Question 52

Consists the brain and the spinal cord. ❏ Facilitates the sending of messages to and from the brain

Answer 52

Central nervous system

Question 53

regulates the neural activities

Answer 53

Glia (glial cells)

Question 54

biochemicals that are released when a message is being passed

Answer 54

Neurotransmitter

Question 55

___ nerve cells ➢ ___ – receives messages ➢ ___ – transmits message ❏ ___ – distance between neurons

Answer 55

Neuron Dendrite Axon Synaptic cleft

Question 56

field of study about the relation of the nervous system to psychological and cognitive aspects

Answer 56

Neuroscience

Question 57

(reciprocal gene-environment) – people have a genetically determined tendency to create the very environmental risk factors that trigger a genetic vulnerability nakakaapekto din ang iyong genes sa kung anong kapaligiran ang iyong mararanasan. Ibig sabihin, may "pabuya" ang iyong genetic makeup sa pagpili o paghubog ng iyong environment. hal: Isipin mo si Juan na likas na extroverted (maaaring may genetic basis ito). Dahil dito, mas madalas niyang piliin ang mga social settings, tulad ng pagsali sa mga clubs o group activities, na nagpapalakas pa ng kanyang extroversion. Sa ganitong paraan, ang kanyang mga genes ay "nagbibigay daan" sa paghubog ng isang environment na nagpapakita ng kanyang inherent traits.

Answer 57

Gene-environmental correlation model

Question 58

Individuals with 2 copies of ___ allele tend to cope with stress better than those who have __ allele

Answer 58

Long Short

Question 59

we all have the inherited tendency/vulnerability (diathesis) to have mental disorders, but only those who will experience a certain level of stress will have it hal. Isipin mo si Maria na may family history ng major depressive disorder (genetic predisposition). Pero nagkakaroon lang siya ng clinical depression nung naranasan niya ang matinding pagkamatay ng kanyang mahal sa buhay. Dito, ang genetic vulnerability ay na-activate lamang dahil sa trahedyang stressor (stress). ## Footnote "kung paano nagkakaroon ng disorder kapag ang predisposition ay trigger ng stress"

Answer 59

Diathesis-stress model

Question 60

– a trait that is influenced by NUMEROUS GENES (e.g., IQ)

Answer 60

Polygenic

Question 61

has weak influence over a trait

Answer 61

Recessive allele

Question 62

provides strong influence to a particular trait

Answer 62

Dominant allele

Question 63

complete set of genes

Answer 63

Genome

Question 64

Humans have __pairs of chromosomes, __ of which are somatic while the last pair is called __ chromosomes (XX for females and XY for males)

Answer 64

23 22 Sex

Question 65

specific variants of genes

Answer 65

Alleles

Question 66

molecules of DNA in the chromosomes that determine our boundaries;

Answer 66

Genes

Question 67

Mental disorders are caused by multiple factors that are dependent to each other

Answer 67

Multidimensional model