Lesson 2: Evidence of Evolution (sir ppt) Flashcards
(72 cards)
1
Q
Two theories
A
- Theory of special creation
- Theory of evolution: descent with modification
2
Q
- species are immutable (do not change)
- variation among individuals is limited
- lineages do not split
- species are created seperately and independently -> genealogically unrelated
- earth and its living creatures are young (~6,000 years old)
- John Ray (1686): “one species never springs from the seed of another”
A
Theory of special creation
3
Q
species do not change
A
immutable
4
Q
variation of individuals in theory of special creation
A
limited
5
Q
theory of special creation:
lineages __ __ __
A
do not split
6
Q
theory of special creation:
species are created separately and independently
A
genealogically unrelated
7
Q
theory of special creation:
age of earth
A
~6,000 years old
8
Q
“one species never springs from the seed of another”
A
John Ray (1686)
9
Q
- species are not immutable -> change over time
- lineages split and diverge = speciation
- over long periods of time, novel forms of life an derive from earlier forms = macroevolution
- species are derived not independently but from common (shared) ancestors (genealogically related) = common ancestry
- earth and life are considerably more than 6,000 years old
A
Theory of Evolution: Descent with Modification
10
Q
Theory of Evolution: Descent with Modification:
species change over time
A
not immutable
11
Q
average beak size may change from one generation to the next
A
microevolution
12
Q
Theory of Evolution: Descent with Modification:
lineages split and diverge
A
speciation
13
Q
speciation
A
lineages may split and diverge
14
Q
Theory of Evolution: Descent with Modification:
over long periods of time, novel forms of life can be derived from earlier forms
A
macroevolution
15
Q
Theory of Evolution: Descent with Modification:
species are dervied not independently but from common (shared) ancestors
A
genealogically related = common ancestry
16
Q
Theory of Evolution: Descent with Modification:
age of Earth
A
more than 6,000 years old
17
Q
Evidence of Evolution
A
- microevolution
- speciation
- macroevolution
- common ancestry
18
Q
change in gene frequency within a population and can be observed over short periods of time
A
microevolution
19
Q
microevolution
A
change in gene frequency within a population and can be observed over short periods of time
20
Q
example of microevolution
A
evolution of antibiotic resistance
21
Q
Evidence of microevolution
A
- selective breeding
- direct obervation of natural populations
- anatomy of living species
22
Q
- also known as artificial selection
- the practice of mating individuals with desired traits as a means of increasing the frequency of those traits in a population
A
Selective breeding
23
Q
artificial selection
A
breeders chooses only individuals with the most desirable traits
24
Q
- small herb tht depends on a rainy season that runs from winter to spring
- individuals germinate, grow, flower, set seed, and die within a single year
- evolved flowering time
A
field mustard, Brassica rapa
25
In mid-1990s, seasonal rains lasted into late spring
long growing season
26
In early 2000s, seasonal rains ended early
short growing season
27
useless of rudementary version of a body part that has an important function in other, closely allied, species
vestigial structure
28
example of animals with vestigial structures
1. brown kiwi, wings
2. royal python, spur
29
small fish that lives in coastal ocean waters throughout the Northern Hemisphere and readily invades freshwater
threespine stickleback
30
carry heaby body armor
marine sticklebacks
31
bony plates protecting their sides and pelvic fins modified into spines
heavy body armor
32
carry light armor
freshwater sticklebacks
33
fewer bony plats, and reduced (vestigial) pelvic structures
light armor
34
populations, or goups of populations, within and among which individuals actually or potentially interbreed and outside of which they do not interbreed
species
35
species are population within and among which individuals actually or potentially interbreed
Biological Species Concept
36
who wrote the biological species concept
Ernst Mayr, 1942
37
different species
- disinclined to mate
- fail to produce healthy, fertile offspring
38
evidence of speciation
1. evidence from laboraory experiments
2. evidence from natural populations
39
Evidence of speciation from lab experiments
1. The case of bacteriophage Φ6
2. The case of _Drosophila_ _pseudoobscura_
40
RNA virus that infects _Pseudomonas_ _syringae_
Φ6
41
what does Φ6 infect
_Pseudomonas_ _syringae_
42
can infect four different varieties of _P._ _syringae_
Φ6WT
43
has a mutation in the P3 gene, which enables it to attach and infect another _P._ _syringae_ variety and _P._ _pseudoalcaligenes_
Φ6broad
44
mutation of Φ6broad
P3 gene
45
what can Φ6broad infect
- another _P._ _syringae_ variety
- _P._ _pseudoalcaligenes_
46
strain that could no longer infect P. syringae but can infect P. pseudoalcaligenes
Φ6E1narrow
47
Evidence of speciation from natural populations
The case of threespine stickleback
48
4 stages of speciation
1. speciation starts with a single population in which there is variation among individuals
2. population divided into readily distinguishable subpopulations that still interbreed
3. distinct populations with limited interbreeding
4. distinct populations whose reproductive isolation is irreversible
49
example of human diseases that originated in other animals
1. diphtheria from domesticated herbivores
2. measles from cattle
3. smallpox from virus of rodents or camels
50
generally refers to evolution above the species level
macroevolution
51
Evidence of macroevolution
1. fossil record - transitional forms
2. a living transitional form
52
any trace of an organism that lived in the past
fossil
53
worldwide collection of fossils
fossil record
54
- published a list of 23 species known only from fossils to challenge the hypothesis that unusual forms in the fossil record would eventually be found alive
- argued that it's impossible for these enormous creatures to still live but escape detection --> extinction
George Cuvier
55
fossil and living organisms in the same geographic region resemble each other, but are distinct from organisms found in other areas
succession
56
shows a mix of traits typical of ancestral populations and novel traits seen later in descendants
transitional species
57
occurs in species level wherein one species change into another by the process of evolution
transmutation
58
all life-forms are related
common ancestry
59
the theory of descent with modification ultimately connects all organisms to a single __ __
common ancestor
60
Evidence of common ancestry
Homology
61
- fundamental similarities underlying the obvious physical differences among species
- study of likeness
homology
62
"homology is the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function"
Richard Owen
63
inherited fundamental design from a common lineage/ancestor
structural homology
64
similarities between species on the molecular level
Molecular homologies
65
novel traits are shared in a __ __
nested pattern
66
the theory of descent with modification from common ancestor predicts that __ __ should share __ __ of novel traits
- extant organisms
- nested sets
67
can predict the order in which the traits should appear in the fossil record
nesting of shared traits
68
molecular homology - ?
the case of shared flaws
69
- theory that Earth's features are mostly accounted for by violent, large-scale events that occurred in a relatively short amount of time.
- species that went extinct was probably killed off by a giant natural disaster.
Catastrophism
70
idea that Earth has always changed in uniform ways and that the present is the key to the past
uniformitarianism
71
divides up the history of the earth based on life-forms that have existed during specific times since the creation of the planet
geologic time scale
72
calculates an age in years for geologic materials by measuring the presence of a short-life radioactive
Radiometric dating
