Lesson 3 - Tree of Life

Question 1

how many genes in the genome of yeast have recognizable similarity to human genes

Answer 1

1/3

Question 2

“probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form”

Answer 2

idea of common descent

Question 3

evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Answer 3

phylogeny

Question 4

classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

Answer 4

systematics

Question 5

what do systematists use to infer evolutionary relationships

Answer 5

• fossil data
• molecular data
• genetic data

Question 6

ordered division and naming of organisms

Answer 6

taxonomy

Question 7

in 18th century, he published a system of taxonomy based on resemblances

Answer 7

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 8

two-part scientific name

Answer 8

Genus species

Question 9

the second element in the Latin binomial name of a species, which follows the generic name and distinguishes the species from others in the same genus

Answer 9

specific epithet

Question 10

Linnaeus introduced a system for grouping species in __ __ __

Answer 10

increasingly broad categories

Question 11

taxonomic groups from broad to narrow

Answer 11

1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. Species

Question 12

taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy

Answer 12

taxon

Question 13

how do systematist depict evolutionary relationships

Answer 13

in branching phylogenetic trees

Question 14

recognizes only groups that include a common ancestor and all its descendants

Answer 14

PhyloCode

Question 15

represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships

Answer 15

phylogenetic tree

Question 16

represents the divergence of two species

Answer 16

branch point/ node

Question 17

groups that share an immediate common ancestor

Answer 17

sister taxa

Question 18

includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

Answer 18

rooted tree

Question 19

is a branch from which more than two gruops emerge

Answer 19

polytomy

Question 20

what do phylogenetic trees show

Answer 20

patterns of descent

Question 21

what do phylogenetic tree not indicate

Answer 21

• when species evolved
• how much genetic change occured in a lineage

Question 22

provide important information about similar characteristics in closely related species

Answer 22

phylogeny

Question 23

where are phylogenies inferred from

Answer 23

morphological and molecular data

Question 24

organisms with similar morphologies or DNA sequences are likely to be __ __ __ than organisms with different structures or sequences

Answer 24

more closely related

Question 25

similarity due to shared ancestry

Answer 25

homology

Question 26

similarity due to convergent evolution

Answer 26

analogy

Question 27

homology is due to

Answer 27

shared ancestry

Question 28

analogy is due to

Answer 28

convergent evolution

Question 29

occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar/ analogous adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

Answer 29

convergent evolution

Question 30

development of organs or other bodily structures within different species, which resemble each other and have the same functions, but did not have a common ancestral origi

Answer 30

homoplasies

Question 31

how can homology be distinguished from analogy

Answer 31

comparing - fossil evidence - degree of complexity

Question 32

the more complex two similar structures are, the more likely it is that they are __

Answer 32

homologous

Question 33

uses DNA an other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships

Answer 33

molecular systematics

Question 34

evolutionary change of features within a sinle lineage (species)

Answer 34

anagenesis

Question 35

branching of lineage into two or more descendant lineages

Answer 35

cladogenesis

Question 36

descendants become more different from each other

Answer 36

divergence/ divergent evolution

Question 37

segement in tree which may split at an internal branch point or node

Answer 37

lineage/ branch

Question 38

group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

Answer 38

clade/ monophyletic group

Question 39

two clades that originate from a common ancestor

Answer 39

sister groups

Question 40

root of the tree

Answer 40

most recent common ancestor (MRCA)

Question 41

grouping consists of an ancestral species and SOME of its descendants

Answer 41

paraphyletic group

Question 42

grouping consists of various species that LACK a common ancestor

Answer 42

polyphyletic group

Question 43

character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

Answer 43

shared ancestral character - plesiomorphy

Question 44

an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

Answer 44

shared derived character - apomorphy

Question 45

two types of apomorphy

Answer 45

1. autapomorphy 2. synapomorphy

Question 46

trait found only in one taxon, but not found in any others or outgroup taxa, not even those most closely related to the focal taxon

Answer 46

autapomorphy

Question 47

derived trait shared by two or more groups

Answer 47

synapomorphy

Question 48

assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events is the most likely

Answer 48

maximum parsimony

Question 49

states that, given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events

Answer 49

principle of maximum likelihood

Question 50

predicts features of an ancestor from features of its descendants

Answer 50

phylogenetic bracketing

Question 51

lineages become modified from different ways of life

Answer 51

adaptive radiation

Question 52

- two or more species affect each other's evolution - caused by symbiotic relatinships and predator-prey dynamics

Answer 52

coevolution

Question 53

valuable tool for tracing organisms' evolutionary history

Answer 53

comparing nucleic acids or other molecules

Question 54

changes relatively slowly and is useful for investigating branching points hundreds of millions of years ago

Answer 54

DNA that codes for rRNA

Question 55

evolves rapidly and can be used to explore recent evolutionary events

Answer 55

mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA)

Question 56

inceases the number of genes in the genome, providing more opportunities for evolutionary changes

Answer 56

gene duplication

Question 57

- found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous between species - Genes separated by speciation

Answer 57

orthologous genes

Question 58

- found in more than one copy in the genome - resulted from gene duplication - can divege within the clade that carries them and often evolve new functions

Answer 58

paralogous genes

Question 59

paralogous genes can diverge within the clade that carries them and often evolve __ __

Answer 59

new functions

Question 60

loci in different species that descended from the same locus

Answer 60

orthologous

Question 61

loci in the same species or different species that descended from ancestral species

Answer 61

paralogous

Question 62

branching tree that portrays the history of DNA sequences of a gene

Answer 62

gene tree/ gene genealogy

Question 63

group of genes within an organism that was inherited together from a single parent

Answer 63

haplotype