Lesson 4: Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

Question 1

Darwin’s observation

Answer 1

• evolution acts through CHANGES IN ALLELE FREQUENCE at each generation
• leads to average change in characteristic of population

Question 2

“individuals pass allels on to their offspring intact”

Answer 2

idea of particulate (genes) inheritance

Question 3

Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

Answer 3

1. Laws of Segregation
2. Law of Independent Assortment

Question 4

only one allele passes from each parent on to an offspring

Answer 4

Law of Segregation

Question 5

different pairs of alleles are passed to offspring independently of each other

Answer 5

Law of Independent Assortment

Question 6

what did Mendel discover using 29,000 pea plants

Answer 6

1:3 ratio of phenotypes due to dominant vs. recessive alleles

Question 7

mathematical description of Mendelian inheritance

Answer 7

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Question 8

what is the testing for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can be used to

Answer 8

asses whether a population is evolving

Question 9

genotypic frequencies that are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Answer 9

population that is not evolving

Question 10

genotypic frequencies not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Answer 10

population is evolving

Question 11

Evolutionary Mechanisms that will put population out of HW Equilibrium

Answer 11

1. genetic drift
2. natural selection
3. mutation
4. migration

Question 12

genetic drift

Answer 12

• change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to RANDOM chance
• may cause gene variants to disappear completely and thereby reduce genetic variation

Question 13

natural selection

Answer 13

idea that organisms that are best suited to survive pass their traits down

Question 14

mutation

Answer 14

change in the DNA sequence of an organism

Question 15

migration

Answer 15

causes the transfer of genes from one population to the othe

Question 16

change expression of alleles but not the frequency of alleles themselves, so they won’t affect the actual inheritance of alleles

Answer 16

epigenetic modifications

Question 17

an evolving population is one that __ Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions

Answer 17

violates

Question 18

Requirement of HW -> Evolution
large population size -> ?

Answer 18

genetic drift

Question 19

Requirement of HW -> Evolution
random mating -> ?

Answer 19

inbreeding & other

Question 20

Requirement of HW -> Evolution
no mutations -> ?

Answer 20

mutations

Question 21

Requirement of HW -> Evolution
no natural selection -> ?

Answer 21

natural selection

Question 22

Requirement of HW -> Evolution
no migration -> ?

Answer 22

migration

Question 23

group of individuals of the same species interacting within the same space

Answer 23

population

Question 24

according to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain __ from generation to generation

Answer 24

constant

Question 25

the genotype frequencies you see in a population should be the ___ __, given the allele frequences

Answer 25

Hardy-Weinberg expectations

Question 26

a population in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium sevse as the __ __ to test if evolution is happening

Answer 26

null model (for no evolution)

Question 27

region of genome sequence (DNA or RNA), that is the unit of inheritance, the product of which contributes to phenotype

Answer 27

gene

Question 28

location in a genome or gene

Answer 28

locus

Question 29

plural of locus

Answer 29

loci

Question 30

variants forms of a gene

Answer 30

allele

Question 31

combinationof alleles at a locus

Answer 31

genotype

Question 32

the expression of a trait, as a result of the genotype and regulation of genes

Answer 32

phenotype

Question 33

2 chromosomes

Answer 33

diploid

Question 34

Hardy-Weinberg Equlibrium formulas

Answer 34

1. p+q = 1 2. p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 3. (p+q)^3 = 1 4. p^3 + 3p^2q + 3pq^2 + q^3 = 1

Question 35

- metabolic disorder that results from homozygosity for a recessive allele - cannot break down phenylalanine

Answer 35

phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 36

five conditions for nonevolving populations are met in nature

Answer 36

1. no mutations 2. random mating 3. no natural selection 4. extremely large population size 5. no gene flow

Question 37

can be used to determine if a population is significantly different from the expectations of Hardy-Weinberg model

Answer 37

X^2 goodness-of-fit test

Question 38

statistical test used to examine the differences between categorical variables from a random sample in order to judge the goodness of fit between expected and observed results.

Answer 38

Chi-square

Question 39

X^2 = ?

Answer 39

E ((O-E)^2/E)

Question 40

a nonevolving population is in __ __

Answer 40

HW Equilibrium

Question 41

occurs when the requirement for HW Equilibrium are not met

Answer 41

evolution

Question 42

HW Equilibrium is violated when there is ...

Answer 42

1. genetic drift 2. migration 3. mutations 4. natural selection 5. nonrandom mating

Question 43

p- value = ?

Answer 43

0.05

Question 44

degree of freedom (df) - ?

Answer 44

of classes - # of frequencies - 1

Question 45

No. of classes

Answer 45

genotype (3)

Question 46

No. of frequencies

Answer 46

allele (1)

Question 47

X^2 tab,0.05,1 = ?

Answer 47

3.8415

Question 48

tendency for people to choose mates who are more similar (positive) or dissimilar (negative) to themselves in phenotype characteristics than would be expected by chance.

Answer 48

Assortative mating