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BACTERIOLOGY LEC > LESSON 2 - INFECTION CONTROL > Flashcards

LESSON 2 - INFECTION CONTROL Flashcards

1
Q

Disease

A

Is an abnormal state in which part or
all of the body is not properly adjusted or is
unable to carry out usual functions; any deviation
from one’s current condition of health

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2
Q

Infection

A

Is defined as pathogenic
microorganisms invading the body

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3
Q

Symbiosis

A

The relation between the
indigenous flora and the host

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4
Q

Commensalism

A

Is a type of symbiosis in
which one organism benefits from the other
without harming it.

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5
Q

Mutualism

A

form of symbiosis in w/c both organisms
benefit from the relationship

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6
Q

Parasitism

A

a connection in which one organism benefits from
another while also harming it.

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7
Q

Pathogen

A

an organism that invades & causes damage or injury to
the host

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8
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Refers to an organism’s ability to cause
disease.

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9
Q

Contamination

A

is defined as the presence of organisms
outside of the body, such as those found in water, food, and other biological
substances.

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10
Q

Pollution

A

referred to the presence of undesired compounds in water, air, or soil

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11
Q

Pathology and
epidemiology

A

study of disease

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12
Q

Pathology

A

study the structural and functional manifestation of disease;
involved in diagnosing diseases in individual

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13
Q

Epidemiology

A

study the factors that determine the frequency, distribution, and
determinants of diseases in human populations.

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14
Q

Epidemiologists

A

are scientists who specialize in the study of disease and
injury patterns (incidence and distribution patterns) in populations and
ways to prevent or control diseases and injuries; study virtually all types of
diseases, including heart, hereditary, communicable, and zoonotic diseases and
cancer.

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15
Q

Infectious disease

A

is a disease that is caused by a pathogen

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16
Q

Communicable
disease

A

an infectious disease transmissible from one human to
another (i.e., person to person)

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17
Q

Contagious disease

A

defined as a communicable disease that is easily
transmitted from one person to another.

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18
Q

Zoonotic disease

A

Infectious diseases that humans acquire from
animal sources are called zoonotic
diseases or zoonoses.

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19
Q

Incidence

A

incidence of a particular

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20
Q

Period prevalence

A

number of cases of the disease existing in a
given population during specific time
period

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21
Q

Point prevalence

A

number of cases existing in a given population at
a particular moment in time

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22
Q

Morbidity

A

morbidity rate for that disease, which is usually expressed as the number of new
cases of a particular disease that occurred during a specified time period per a
specifically defined population

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23
Q

Mortality rate

A

ratio of the number of
people who died of a particular disease during
a specified time period per a specified
population

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24
Q

Sporadic disease

A

one that occurs only occasionally within the population of a
particular geographic area

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25
Endemic disease
diseases that are always present within the population of a particular geographic are.
26
Epidemic disease
greater than usual number of cases of a disease in a particular region
27
Pandemic Disease
a disease that is occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously – sometimes worldwide.
28
Kochs Postulates
Is a set of rules for establishing a relationship between a causative microbe and a disease.
29
Portal of Entry
The avenue by which a pathogen gains access to the body
30
Mucous membrane
(Inhaled), Skin (wounds, abrasion) parenteral
31
Virulence of organism
The degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism
32
Capsule
enables organism to evade phagocytosis. Enzymes, Toxins
33
Number of microbes
microbe, is an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells;
34
Microbial growth
refers to an increase in number of cells rather than an increase in cell size; likelihood of disease increases as umber of pathogens increase
35
Defensive powers of host
Immune system
36
The Bodys Immune System
provides resistance to disease
37
Mechanical
organisms directly damage tissues or surface
38
Chemical
bacteria produces chemicals & toxins
39
Immunologic
response of the immune system
40
Toxin
is a specific substance, often a metabolic product of an organism that damages the host
41
Incubation period
the time interval between entry of microorganism & the first appearance of s/s
42
Prodromal period
mild symptoms of a disease w/c are non specific (fever, cough, colds, malaise)
43
Period of illness
period of maximal invasion. The disease is most acute during this period
44
Period of decline
pt. does not show s/s but still continues to shed infecting microorganisms
45
Period of convalescence
– Period of defervescence- s/s start to subside. - patient Vulnerable to secondary infection
46
Human Carriers
most important reservoirs of human infectious diseases are other humans - people with infectious diseases as well as carriers.
47
Carrier
is a person who is colonized with a particular pathogen, but the pathogen is not currently causing disease in that person
48
Passive carriers
carry the pathogen without ever having had the disease.
49
Incubatory carrier
is a person who is capable of transmitting a pathogen during the incubation period of a particular infectious disease.
50
Convalescent carriers
harbor and can transmit a particular pathogen while recovering from an infectious disease
51
Active carriers
have completely recovered from the disease, but continue to harbor the pathogen indefinitely
52
Animals
• As previously stated, infectious diseases that humans acquire from animal sources are called zoonotic diseases or zoonoses. • Many pets and other animals are important reservoirs of zoonoses. • Zoonoses are acquired by direct contact with the animal, by inhalation or ingestion of the pathogen, or by injection of the pathogen by an arthropod vector.
53
Rabies virus
is usually transmitted to a human through the saliva that is injected when one of these rabid animals bites the human.
54
Cat and dogs
Bites often transfer microorganism from the mouths of these animals into tissues, where severe infections may result.
55
Toxoplasmosis
a protozoan disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii • contracted by ingesting oocysts from cat feces • ingesting cysts that are present in infected raw or undercooked meats. • may cause severe brain damage to, or death of, the fetus when contracted by a woman during her first trimester (first 3 months) of pregnancy
56
Salmonellosis
diarrheal disease, is frequently
57
Arthropods
are animals, commonly associated with human infections.
58
Arthropod vector
may first take a blood meal from an infected person or animal and then transfer the pathogen to a healthy individual.
59
1. Contact Transmission
- refers to spread of microorganism through direct contact, indirect contact or droplet transmission.
60
Direct Contact
a.k.a. person to person transmission & involves direct transmission by physical contact between the source of infection & the susceptible host. (kissing, touching). Ex. Common cold, Respiratory tract infections, chicken pox, syphilis, gonorrhea
61
Indirect Contact
refers to transmission of causative agent from reservoir to susceptible host through non living object(fomites) Ex of common fomites: handkerchiefs, towels, spoons, toys. Ex. of diseases are common colds, sore eyes, tuberculosis)
62
Droplet
is a form of contact transmission in w/c the organism is spread in droplet nuclei that travel only short distances usually <1 meter from reservoir to the host. These droplets are spread in to air by coughing, laughing, talking, sneezing. Ex: pneumonia, influenzae
63
2. Vehicle transmission
refers to transmission of organism through media such as food, water, air.
64
Food-borne
pathogens are transmitted through ingestion of food that are improperly cooked, poorly refrigerated , unsanitary conditions. ex. Food poisoning, gastroenteritis
65
Air-borne
- refers to spread of pathogens by droplet nuclei in dust that travels >1 meter from the reservoir to the host ( ex. measles, tuberculosis)
66
Water borne
pathogen is spread through contaminated water ( ex , typhoid fever, chole
67
Amebiasis
(caused by the ameba,Entamoeba histolytica)
68
Botulism
(caused by the bacterium, Clostridium botulinum)
69
Cholera
(caused by the bacterium, Vibrio cholerae)
70
Infectious hepatitis
(caused by hepatitis A virus)
71
Typhoid fever
(caused by the bacterium, Salmonella typhi)
72
3. Vectors
are animals that carry organism from one host to another Insects (arthropods) - most important group of vectors
73
Mechanical
- refers to passive transport of organism on insect’s feet or other parts.
74
transmission
Ex: cockroaches & flies
75
Biological transmission
active transport of organism. Organism enters the insect vector after insect vector bites an infected person

BACTERIOLOGY LEC (8 decks)

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