LESSON 2: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards
(43 cards)
What are the five main parts of bone from superficial to deep?
- periosteum - tough outermost covering
- compact/cortical bone - dense and hard protective outer layer
- spongey/cancellous bone - light, weak, and porous; often stores red bone marrow
- medullary cavity - central cavity of long bones, stores red/yellow bone marrow
- endosteum - lining of medullary cavity
What is red bone marrow?
hematopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes
What is yellow bone marrow?
functions as a fat storage area, located in the medullary cavity of long bones
What is cartilage?
smooth, rubbery connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones
What is articular cartilage?
cartilage that covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate to form joints, allows for smooth joint movement and protects the bones from rubbing against each other
What is a meniscus?
curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints
What is a diaphysis?
the shaft of a long bone
What is an epiphysis?
the round end of a long bone, further categorized as proximal or distal
What is a foramen?
an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
What is a process?
a normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment to a muscle or tendon
What are the three kinds of joints?
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
What is a fibrous joint?
composed of inflexible connective tissue, a joint that holds bones tightly together
What are fontanelles?
soft spots on the skull of a newborn that facilitate the passage of the infant through the birth canal
What is a cartilaginous joint?
bones connected entirely by cartilage, allow only slight movement
What is the pubic symphysis?
a bone between the two pubic bones that allows movement to facilitate childbirth
What is a synovial joint, and what does it consist of?
a joint that permits a wide range of motion, consists of
1. synovial capsule - outermost layer
2. synovial membrane - lines capsule and secretes fluid
3. synovial fluid - flows within the synovial cavity and acts as a lubricant to make smooth movement possible
4. ligaments - bands of fibrous tissue that form joints that connect bone to bone/cartilage
5. bursa - fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction
What is the axial skeleton made of?
bones that protect the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems
What are the classifications of the ribs?
- first seven pairs of ribs are true ribs and connect directly to the sternum
- the next three pairs are false ribs, which attach to cartilage which connects to the sternum
- the last two pairs are floating ribs, which only attach to the vertebrae and not to the sternum
What parts does the sternum consist of?
- manubrium
- gladiolus
- xiphoid process
How many vertebrae are in the spinal column?
26
What are the three parts of a vertebra?
- body
- lamina - serves as an attachment for muscles and tendons
- vertebral foramen
What do intervertebral disks do?
separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other and allows the spinal column to move
What are the classifications of vertebrae from superior to inferior?
- cervical vertebrae, C1-C7
- thoracic vertebrae, T1-T12
- lumbar vertebrae, L1-L5
- sacrum - curved, triangular shaped bone
- coccyx - tailbone
What does the appendicular skeleton do, and what does it consist of?
makes body movement possible; consists of the bones of the upper and lower extremities
