lesson 3

Question 1

Is a fundamental human right and that the attainment of the highest possible level of health is a most important worldwide social goal whose realization requires the action of many other social and economic sectors in addition to the health sector.

Answer 1

Alma ata declaration

Question 2

The Declaration of Alma-Ata states that ______is essential health care based on scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods, universally accessible to individuals and families with their full participation at a cost that the community and country can afford in a spirit of self-reliance and self-determination.

Answer 2

primary health care

Question 3

Refers to an organized plan of health services

Answer 3

Health system

Question 4

Is the rendering of health care services to the people

Answer 4

Health care delivery

Question 5

This refers to the network of health facilities and personnel which carries out the task of rendering health care to the people

Answer 5

Health care delivery system

Question 6

WHO has identified five key elements to achieving that goal:

Answer 6

1. universal coverage to reduce exclusion and social disparities in health;
2. service delivery organized around people’s needs and expectations;
3. public policy that integrates health into all sectors;
4. leadership that enhances collaborative models of policy dialogue; and
5. increased stakeholder participation..

Question 7

Essential elements of primary health care

Answer 7

1. Education concerning prevailing health problems and the methods of identifying, preventing and controlling them.
2. Locally endemic disease prevention and control.
3. Expanded program of immunization against major infectiousdiseases.
4. Maternal and child health care including family planning.
5. Essential drugs arrangement.
6. Nutritional food supplement, an adequate supply of safe and basic nutrition.
7. Treatment of communicable and non-communicable disease and promotion of mental health.
8. Safe water and sanitation.

Question 8

An important conceptual shift towards the model of health systems based on ____ should always be emphasized.

Answer 8

primary health care

Question 9

according to this principle, primary care and other services to meet the main health problems in a community must be provided equally to all individuals irrespective of their gender, age, and caste, urban/rural and social class.

Answer 9

Equitable distribution of health care

Question 10

Comprehensive healthcare relies on adequate number and distribution of trained physicians, nurses, allied health professions, community health workers and others working as a health team and supported at the local and referral levels.

Answer 10

Community participation

Question 11

Recognition that healthcannot be improved by intervention within just the formal health sector; other sectors are equally important in promoting the health and self-reliance of communities.

Answer 11

Multi-sectorial approach

Question 12

Medical technology should be provided that are accessible, affordable, feasible and culturally acceptable to the community.

Answer 12

Use of appropriate technology

Question 13

Managers are usually required to set a direction and determine what needs to be accomplished. It means setting priorities and determining performance targets

Answer 13

Planning

Question 14

This refers to the management function on designing the organization or the specific division, unit, or service for which the manager is responsible. Further, it means designating reporting relationships and intentional patterns of interaction. Determining positions, teamwork assignments, and distribution of authority and responsibility.

Answer 14

Organizing

Question 15

This function refers to acquiring and retaining human resources. It also refers to developing and maintaining the workforce through various strategies and tactics.

Answer 15

Staffing

Question 16

This function refers to monitoring staff activities and performance and taking the appropriate actions for corrective action to increase performance

Answer 16

Controlling

Question 17

Its focus is to initiate action in the organization through effective leadership and motivation of, and communication with, subordinates.

Answer 17

Directing

Question 18

Management Principles in relation to Organizing

Answer 18

Authority -is a manager’s formal and legitimate right to make decisions, issue orders, and allocate resources to achieve organizationally desired outcomes.
Responsibility -means an employee’s duty to perform assigned task or activities.
Accountability -means that those with authority and responsibility must report and justify task outcomes to those above them in the chain of command.

Question 19

Types of authority (and responsibility)

• managers have the formal power to direct and control immediate subordinates. The superior issues orders and is responsible for the result. The subordinate obeys and is responsible only for executing the order according to instructions.
• is where managers have formal power over a specific subset of activities.
• is granted to staff specialists in their areas of expertise. It is not a real authority in the sense that a staff manager does not order or instruct but simply advises, recommends, and counsels in the staff specialists’ area of expertise.

Answer 19

Line
functional
staff

Question 20

• The location of decision making authority near top organizational levels.
• The location of decision making authority near lower organizational levels.
• The written documentation used to direct and control employees

Answer 20

Centralized
decentralized
formalized

Question 21

These are the smaller, non-departmentalized hospitals including emergency and regional hospitals in which services to patients with symptomatic stages of disease, which require moderately specialized knowledge and technical resources for adequate treatment are offered.

Answer 21

SECONDARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

Question 22

These are the highly technological and sophisticated services offered by medical centers and large hospitals. These are the specialized national hospitals. The services rendered at this level are for clients afflicted with diseases which seriously threaten their health and which require highly technical and specialized knowledge, facilities and personnel to treat effectively (Williams-Tungpalan, 1981).

Answer 22

TERTIARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

Question 23

FACTORS ON THE VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF HEALTH WORKERS AMONG COUNTRIES AND COMMUNITIES

Answer 23

1. available health manpower resources
2. local health needs and problems
3. political and financial feasibility

Question 24

First contacts of the community and initial links of health care.Provide simple curative and preventive health care measures promoting healthy environment.Participate in activities geared towards the improvement of the socio-economic level of the community like food production program.Community health worker, volunteers or traditional birth attendants.

Answer 24

VILLAGE OR GRASSROOT HEALTH WORKERS

Question 25

Provide backup health services for cases that require hospitalizationEstablish close contact with intermediate level health workers or village health workers.Physicians with specialty, nurses, dentist, pharmacists, other health professionals.

Answer 25

FIRST LINE HOSPITAL PERSONNEL

Question 26

Represent the first source of professional health care Attends to health problems beyond the competence of village workersProvide support to front-line health workers in terms of supervision, training, supplies, and servicesMedical practitioners, nurses and midwives

Answer 26

INTERMEDIATE LEVEL HEALTH WORKERS

Question 27

The primary function of the Department of Health is the ____of the health of the people through the provision and delivery of health services and through the regulation and encouragement of providers of health goods and services

Answer 27

promotion, protection, preservation or restoration

Question 28

Assignment of individuals to responsible positions identified in a management plan

Answer 28

staffing

Question 29

Determine the competencies required for a position through:

Answer 29

- identify key result areas (KRAs) per major activities in the plan - Determine qualifications and competencies required to perform the activities and achieve the KRA