Lesson 5: Classifications and Phylogeny of Animals

Question 1

The practice of categorizing organism according to similar features goes back to ______________.

Answer 1

Aristotle

Question 2

______________, is to produce a formal system for naming and classifying species to illustrate their evolutionary relationships.

Answer 2

Goal of Taxonomy

Question 3

The species being classified contains the defining feature of a certain a certain taxonomic group

Answer 3

Classification

Question 4

The characteristic of a species support the hypothesis that it descends from the most recent common ancestor of the taxonomic group

Answer 4

Systematization

Question 5

Who designed the hierarchical classification system in 18th century?

Answer 5

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 6

Hierarchical Classification System

Answer 6

KPC OFGS

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 7

The major group of organisms.

Answer 7

Taxa (singular = taxon)

Question 8

the system Linnaeus developed for naming species.

Answer 8

Binomial nomenclature

Question 9

__________ is to determine the phylogeny.

Answer 9

Goal of systematics

Question 10

the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Answer 10

phylogeny

Question 11

Phylogenies are inferred by identifying the organismal features, characters, taht vary among species. What are these characters?

Answer 11

MCM BEH

Morphological
Chromosomal
Molecular
Behavioral or Ecological
Homology

Question 12

_____________ are shared characters that result from common ancestry.

Answer 12

Homologous Characters

Question 13

__________ are shared characters that are not a result of common ancestry, but of independent evolution of similar characters.

Answer 13

Homoplasies/Homoplasy

Question 14

This characters can result from convergent evolution.

Answer 14

Homoplasies

Question 15

__________ occurs when natural selection, working under similar environmental pressures, produces similar (analogous) adaptations in organism from different evolutionary lineages.

Answer 15

Convergent Evolution

Question 16

When trying to determine evolutionary relationships (inferring a phylogeny), we only want to consider _____________ as _____________ can create errors.

Answer 16

Homologous Characters
Homoplasies

Question 17

A homologous structure that is older than the branching of a particular clade from other members of that clade.

Answer 17

Shared primitive character

Question 18

This character is shared by more than just the taxon we are trying to define.

Answer 18

Shared Primitive Character

Question 19

A new evolutionary feature, unique to a particular group.

Answer 19

Shared derived character

Question 20

these are rhetorical features that are most useful for determining evolutionary relationships.

Answer 20

Shared derived character

Question 21

the form of the character that was present in the common ancestor of the group.

Answer 21

Ancestral Character State

Question 22

Variations of the character that arose later are called _____________.

Answer 22

Derived Character States

Question 23

_____________ is determined by using outgroup comparison.

Answer 23

Polarity

Question 24

Versions of this trait is ancestral

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Answer 24

Polarity

Question 25

An ___________ is closely related, but not part of the group being examined which is the _________.

Answer 25

Outgroup Ingroup

Question 26

___________ is one that is found in both the study group and the outgroup

Answer 26

Ancestral Character

Question 27

___________ are those found in the study groups but not the outgroups.

Answer 27

Derived character group

Question 28

Groups that share derived characters and form a subset within a larger group

Answer 28

Clades

Question 29

Unit of common evolutionary descent

Answer 29

Clade

Question 30

A derived character that is shared by all the members of the clade.

Answer 30

Synapomorphy

Question 31

Ancestral character states for a taxon are called ___________.

Answer 31

plesiomorphic

Question 32

___________ are shared ancestral characters.

Answer 32

symplesiomorphies

Question 33

It does not provide useful formation for forming a nested series of clades

Answer 33

Symplesiomorphies

Question 34

The nested hierarchy of clades can be shown as a _____________ that is based on _____________.

Answer 34

Cladogram synapomorphies

Question 35

A valid clade is _____________, it consist of the ancestor species and all its descendants.

Answer 35

Monophyletic

Question 36

A ____________ clade consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants.

Answer 36

paraphyletic

Question 37

A _____________ clade includes many species that lack a common ancestor.

Answer 37

polophyletic

Question 38

A taxonomic theory that is based on cladograms.

Answer 38

Cladistics

Question 39

Other term for cladistics

Answer 39

Phylogenetic systematics

Question 40

In cladistics, all taxa must be _____________!

Answer 40

monophyletic

Question 41

_____________ is based on common descent and the amount of evolutionary change to rank higher taxa

Answer 41

Traditional **Evolutionary taxonomy**

Question 42

Traditional evolutionary taxonomy sometimes include _____________ groupings.

Answer 42

Paraphyletic

Question 43

Humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans are bow all included together in one monophyletic family called _____________.

Answer 43

Homonidae

Question 44

A pair of taxa that are most closely related to each other.

Answer 44

Sister Group

Question 45

Humans and chimpanzees form a _____________.

Answer 45

sister group

Question 46

Important difference Cladistics vs Evolutionary Taxonomy

Answer 46

Traditional evolutionary taxonomy sometimes accepts paraphyletic clades, while cladistics does not.

Question 47

Similarities between Cladistics and Evolutionary Taxonomy?

Answer 47

- Both accepts monophyletic clades - Both reject polyphyletic clades