Lesson 6

Question 1

is a process of systematically examining varying viewpoints related to moral
questions of right and wrong

Answer 1

Ethics

Question 2

Regardless of the theoretical definition, common characteristics regarding ethics are its
___________ and __________ approach to answering questions that have the potential of
multiple acceptable answers

Answer 2

dialectical, goal-oriented approach

Question 3

Imagine you’re building a super-smart tool for doctors and nurses using computers and
data. That’s informatics. Now, “ethics” is like your __________, making sure that tool
is used for good, not harm.

Answer 3

moral compass

Question 4

The tool should help people get better, not worse. Example: Using data to predict who’s at risk for a disease so they can get
help early.

Answer 4

Beneficence

Question 5

The tool shouldn’t accidentally hurt anyone. Example: Making sure the tool doesn’t give out wrong information that
could lead to bad treatment.

Answer 5

Maleficence

Question 6

People should have a say in how their information is used. Example: Getting someone’s permission before putting their health data
into the tool.

Answer 6

Autonomy

Question 7

People’s health information should be kept private and safe. Example: Putting strong security measures in place to stop hackers from stealing patient data.

Answer 7

Confidentiality/Privacy

Question 8

The tool should be used in an honest and transparent way. Example: being honest about the limitations of the tool.

Answer 8

Integrity

Question 9

__________ is all about using technology in a way that’s responsible, fair, and
respectful of people’s rights and well-being. It’s about building tools that help us take care of each other, without causing harm.

Answer 9

ethical informatics

Question 10

is defined as the study and formulation of healthcare ethics.

Answer 10

Bioethics

Question 11

__________ takes on relevant ethical problems experienced by healthcare providers in the provision of
care to individuals and groups. As technology advances increased, recognition and acknowledgment of rights and the needs of individuals and groups receiving this high-tech care also increased.

Answer 11

Bioethics

Question 12

Think of “__________” as the rulebook for doing the right thing in healthcare, especially
when technology gets involved.

Answer 12

bioethics

Question 14

○ Bioethics is all about figuring out what’s right and wrong in medical
situations.
○ It helps doctors, nurses, and other healthcare workers make good decisions.

Answer 14

Healthcare Ethics

Question 16

○ As we get better at using computers and data in healthcare (that’s informatics!), new ethical questions pop up.
○ For example, what happens when we can store everyone’s health records in one place? Who gets to see them? How do we keep them safe?

Answer 16

Technology and Healthcare

Question 17

○ Bioethics helps us make sure that technology is used in a way that respects people’s rights and needs.
○ It’s about making sure that everyone is treated fairly and that their privacy is protected.
○ It is about protecting people from being treated like a number, or just data.

Answer 17

Protecting People

Question 18

○ Bioethics helps us deal with tricky situations, like:
■ Should we use a new AI tool to diagnose patients, even if it’s not
perfect?
■ How do we share genetic information without violating someone’s privacy?
■ How do we ensure that new medical technologies are available to everyone, and not just the wealthy?

Answer 18

Real-life problems

Question 19

T or F: Bioethics makes sure that as we use more technology in healthcare, we do it in a way
that’s safe, fair, and respectful of people’s lives and well-being.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Ethical dilemmas arise when _____________________ that cannot be answered with a simple, clearly defined rule, fact or authoritative view.

Answer 20

Moral Issues raise questions

Question 21

These are situations where there’s a conflict between two or more ethical principles.

Answer 21

Ethical Dilemmas

Question 22

occur when some evidence indicates that an act is morally
right and some evidence indicates the act is morally wrong; yet the evidence on both
sides is _____________________; or an individual believes that on moral grounds, he
or she cannot commit an act.

Answer 22

Moral Dilemmas; Inconclusive

Question 23

These are situations where your personal values or beliefs clash
with a professional duty or another person’s values.

Answer 23

Moral Dilemmas

Question 24

How do we balance the need to share patient data for
research with the need to protect their privacy?

Answer 24

Data privacy

Question 25

What if an AI algorithm makes biased predictions that lead to unfair treatment?

Answer 25

AI bias

Question 26

If a computer program helps decide who gets a needed organ transplant, how do we make sure the program is fair?

Answer 26

Resource allocation

Question 27

gives us tools and principles to analyze these dilemmas and make informed decisions. It helps us balance competing values, like patient autonomy, beneficence (doing good), non-maleficence (avoiding harm), and justice. Essentially, when informatics creates situations where we have to choose between difficult options, bioethics helps us navigate those choices in a way that respects human dignity and promotes the best possible outcomes.

Answer 27

Bioethics

Question 28

The process of making informed choices about ethical dilemmas based on a set of standards differentiating right from wrong. The changing meaning of ‘communication’ alone will bring with it new concerns by healthcare professionals for protecting patients’ rights of confidentiality, privacy and autonomy.

Answer 28

Ethical Decision Making

Question 29

Theoretical Approaches to Healthcare Ethics: emerged from relatively homogenous societies where beliefs were similar and the majority of societal members shared common values.

Answer 29

Hippocratic Tradition

Question 30

Hippocratic Tradition The Core Idea: "_____________________" It means that healthcare professionals should prioritize avoiding harm to their patients.

Answer 30

First, Do No Harm

Question 31

The Hippocratic tradition is one of the _____________________ theoretical approaches to healthcare ethics. Think of it as the foundation for how doctors and nurses are expected to behave.

Answer 31

Oldest

Question 32

Key Principles of Hippocratic Tradition

Answer 32

Beneficence Non-Maleficence Confidentiality Doctor-Patient Relationship

Question 33

This means acting in the best interest of the patient

Answer 33

Beneficence

Question 34

Emphasizes the importance of keeping the patient information private.

Answer 34

Confidentiality

Question 35

This means avoiding harm

Answer 35

Non-maleficence

Question 36

It is based on Trust and Respect

Answer 36

Doctor-Patient Relationship

Question 37

This arose as societies became more heterogeneous and members began experiencing a diversity of incompatible beliefs and values. Principles were expansive enough to be shared by all rational individuals, regardless of their background and individual beliefs.

Answer 37

Principlism

Question 38

When faced with an ethical dilemma, healthcare professionals use these four principles to analyze the situation.

Answer 38

Autonomy Beneficence Non-Maleficence Justice

Question 39

- free will or agency - this means respecting a person's right to make their own decisions. - A patient's independence

Answer 39

Autonomy

Question 40

- to do good - it is about helping people and promoting their wellbeing

Answer 40

Beneficence

Question 41

- Not to harm -"First do no harm"

Answer 41

Non-Maleficence

Question 42

- Social distribution of benefits and burdens - it's about fairness and equal treatment

Answer 42

Justice

Question 43

prompted by expansive technological changes and associated ethical dilemmas opponents of principlism claim principles: a. are too conceptual, intangible or abstract b. disregard or do not take into account a person’s psychological factors, personality, life history, sexual orientation, religious, ethnic and cultural background.

Answer 43

Antiprinciplism

Question 44

Argument _____ : Anti-principlists argue that principles like "autonomy" or "justice" are too vague. They say these principles don't tell you exactly what to do in complex situations. It's like saying "be nice" without telling you what "nice" means.

Answer 44

Argument 1

Question 45

Argument 2: They also argue that principlism ignores the individual person. It doesn't consider things like:

Answer 45

- A person's feelings or personality - Their past experiences - Their cultural and religious beliefs - Their sexual-orientation

Question 46

Argument _____ : They say that ethical decisions should be made based on the whole person, not just abstract rules.

Answer 46

Argument 3

Question 47

Anti-principlists often prefer approaches that focus on: Emphasizing the importance of caring and empathy

Answer 47

Relationship

Question 48

Anti-principlists often prefer approaches that focus on: Considering the specific details of each situation.

Answer 48

Context

Question 49

Anti-principlists often prefer approaches that focus on: Understanding the patient's story and perspective.

Answer 49

Narrative

Question 50

. _____________________: the approach to ethical decision-making grew out of the concern for more concrete methods of examining ethical dilemmas. It is a case-based ethical reasoning method that analyzes the facts of a case in a sound, logical, and ordered or structured manner. The facts are compared to the decisions arising out of consensus in previous paradigmatic or model cases.

Answer 50

Casuistry

Question 51

Casuistry is all about looking at specific cases and learning from them. Instead of relying on abstract principles, it focuses on real-life situations. Think of it like building a library of ethical "__________".

Answer 51

"Precedents."

Question 52

This model centers on health care professional’s implicit agreement with patient/client.

Answer 52

Bioethical Decision Making (Husted)

Question 53

Bioethical Decision Making (Husted) is based on six contemporary bioethical standards :

Answer 53

Autonomy Freedom Veracity Privacy Beneficence Fidelity

Question 54

The Husted Bioethical Decision-Making Model is all about the _____________________ between a healthcare professional and their patient. Think of it as a set of promises they implicitly make to each other.

Answer 54

Contract

Question 55

The Husted model emphasizes that healthcare professionals and patients have an unspoken agreement. This agreement is built on trust and a shared understanding of ethical principles. It's like saying, "_____________________________"

Answer 55

"I, as your healthcare provider, promise to uphold these values"

Question 56

“I promise to respect your choices." ○ Respecting the patient's right to make their own decisions. It's about empowering patients to control their healthcare.

Answer 56

Autonomy

Question 57

"I promise you will not be presured" ○ Ensuring that patients are free from coercion or undue influence. They should be able to make choices without being pressured.

Answer 57

Freedom

Question 58

"I promise to be honest with you" ○ Being truthful and honest with the patient. Healthcare professionals should provide accurate and complete information.

Answer 58

Veracity

Question 59

"I promise to keep your information private." ○ Protecting the patient's personal information and respecting their confidentiality. It's about keeping their secrets safe.

Answer 59

Privacy

Question 60

"I promise to do what's best for you." ○ Acting in the best interests of the patient. Healthcare professionals should strive to provide care that benefits the patient.

Answer 60

Beneficence

Question 61

" I promise to keep my commitments to you" ○ Being faithful to the patient and fulfilling their commitments. It's about keeping promises and maintaining trust.

Answer 61

Fidelity

Question 62

This approach emphasizes the virtuous character of individuals who make the choices.

Answer 62

Virtue Ethics

Question 63

A virtue is any characteristic or disposition we desire in others or ourselves. It comes from the Greek word _____________________meaning excellence and refers to what we expect of ourselves and others.

Answer 63

Arete

Question 64

This approach emphasizes the virtuous character of individuals who make the choices.

Answer 64

Virtue Ethics

Question 65

Socrates believed that "____________________" ○ Thus, the cause of any moral weakness was not a matter of character flaws but of ignorance. ○ A person acts immorally because they do not know what is really good for them. ○ A person can be overpowered by immediate pleasures and forget to consider the long term consequences.

Answer 65

Virtue is knowledge

Question 66

He emphasized that to lead a moral life and not succumb to immediate pleasures and gratification, one must have a moral vision.

Answer 66

Plato

Question 67

Plato identified four cardinal virtues:

Answer 67

- wisdom - knowledge - self-control - justice

Question 68

man’s rational approach to problem solving whereby the individual uses reasoning capacities to address real-life dilemmas.

Answer 68

Wisdom

Question 69

the spiritual virtue of man or the capacity to do what is right, even when you do not want to

Answer 69

Courage

Question 70

Ability to not do what you want to do

Answer 70

Self-Control

Question 71

Overrides all

Answer 71

Justice

Question 72

Aristotle’s __________ principles (Aritstotle.350 BC) also contribute to virtue ethics.

Answer 72

Nicomachean

Question 73

_____________________ are connected to will and motive since the intention is what determines if one is acting virtuously or not.

Answer 73

Virtues

Question 74

Ethical considerations, according to his _____________________ principles address the question, "_____________________________" For Aristotle this ultimately means acting in a temperate manner according to a rational meaning between extreme possibilities. (The Doctrine of the Golden Mean).

Answer 74

Eudaimonistic; "What is to be an excellent person?"

Question 75

Goodman( 1998) credits _______________ and _______________ with the resurgence of virtue ethics in the field of bioethics.

Answer 75

Edmund Pellegrino and Thomasma

Question 76

Edmund Pellegrino and Thomasma, they argue that moral events are composed of four elements

Answer 76

the agent, the act, the circumstances, and the consequence

Question 77

Benjamin and Curtis base their framework on "_______________" (Goodman, 1998, p. 5) and propose that "critical reflection and inquiry in ethics involves the complex interplay of a variety of human faculties, ranging from empathy and moral imagination on the one hand to analytic precision and careful reasoning on the other" ( Benjamen, M. and Curtis, J. 1992).

Answer 77

Care Ethics

Question 78

T or F : Care ethicists are less guided by rules and focus on the needs of others and one’s responsibility to meet those needs.

Answer 78

True

Question 79

The central focus of care ethics is ____________________________________that dictates providing care, preventing harm and maintaining relationships.

Answer 79

Responsiveness to the needs of others

Question 80

Responsiveness to the needs of others dictates __________, __________, and __________.

Answer 80

providing care preventing harm maintaining relationships

Question 81

In order to make ethical decisions about informatics technologies and patients’ intimate healthcare data and information, we must be _______________.

Answer 81

informatics competent

Question 82

ETHICAL Model for Decision Making

Answer 82

E-xamine the ethical dilemma T-horoughly comprenend the possible alternatives H-ypothesize ethical arguments I-nvestigate, compare and evaluate the arguments for each alternative C-hoose the alternative you would recommend A-ct on your chosen alternative L-ook at the ethical dilemma and examine the outcomes while reflecting on the ethical decision