lesson 8 Flashcards
rarara (76 cards)
1
Q
any entity living or non-living that cause damage to crops
A
pests
2
Q
What are the types of plant pests
A
- Plant Pathogens
- Insect Pests
- Weeds
- Mollusks
- Vertebrate Pests
3
Q
disease causing organisms
A
Plant pathogens
4
Q
Eukaryotes that may either be parasitic or saprophytic
A
Fungi
5
Q
What do fungi produce which is like a thread-like structure?
A
mycelia and spores
6
Q
Unicellular organisms that reproduce by binary
A
Bacteria
7
Q
Neither living nor non-living entities
A
Viruses
8
Q
What are viruses composed of?
A
nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat
9
Q
When do viruses become active?
A
Upon invading a host cell, otherwise they are dormant
10
Q
Threadlike worms that are commonly soil-borne and can penetrate the plant epidermis.
A
Nematodes
11
Q
What are the ways on how plant pathogens enter a plant/
A
- Wounds or natural openings like stomates and leaf scars
- Plant epidermis
- Insect vector
- Dispersed when using infected planting materials
12
Q
What are the modes of damages of plant pathogens
A
- Kill the host cell or slow down their metabolism
- Block the passage of food, water, and nutrients
- Block sunlight on the surface of leaves or slow down the diffusion of gases
- May consume the cell content
- Viruses - take over the genetic control of plant cells to produce viral cells instead of host cells
13
Q
What do viruses produce?
A
viral cell
14
Q
evidences of the presence of the disease
A
Symptoms
15
Q
used to determine the disease that the plant is suffering
A
Symptoms
16
Q
proof of the presence of the pathogen on the infected plants
A
Signs
17
Q
further confirm the presence of a disease in the plant
A
Signs
18
Q
arthropods belonging to class of Insecta
A
Insects
19
Q
How many body parts does a insect have?
A
3
20
Q
What kind of appendages do insects have
A
jointed
21
Q
How many pairs of legs does an insect have?
A
3
22
Q
What does the nature of damage depend on?
A
Nature of damage
23
Q
What kind of chewing insects have to feed directly on plant parts?
A
strong mandibles
24
Q
What do sucking mouthparts serve as?
A
vectors of dieases
25
beetles and weevils
Coleoptera
26
grasshoppers, katydids, locusts, crickets
Orthoptera
27
butterflies and moths
Lepidoptera
28
fruit flies, whorl maggots
Diptera
29
bugs, aphids, cicadas, planthoppers, leaf hoppers, scale insects
Hemiptera
30
thrips
Thysanoptera
31
unwanted plants
weeds
32
What is more fast growing, deeply rooted, resistant to pest and diseases and more tolerant conditions?
Weeds or crops?
Weeds
33
What makes weeds make them more difficult to control?
prolific seeders and some vegetative propagules
34
(belonging to grass family)
Grasses
35
belonging to family Cyperaceae
Sedges
36
belonging to other families of plants
Broadleaves
37
Weed Classification Based on Habitat
* Wetland
* Dryland
38
How do weeds damage?
competes with crops for water, nutrients, and sunlight
39
How do vine weeds attack?
may cause strangulation of crops
40
What is another way of mode of damage of weeds?
Serve as alternate hosts for pathogens and insect pests
41
where certain weeds produces biochemicals that either promotes or hinders the germination and growth of other plants
allelopathic effect
42
Snails that are prevalent in wetland rice fields
MOLLUSKS
43
How do mollusks feed on rice plants?
directly
44
Includes higher forms of animals like birds and rodents.
May also include domesticated birds, mammals and even man.
VERTEBRATE PESTS
45
What are the factors affecting pest incidence?
1. The Crop
2. The environment
46
What will happen when too much nitrogen is applied?
more succulent plants that are attractive and susceptible to pest and diseases
47
What will happen when proper nitrogen application is used?
may help plants react vigorously against viral diseases
48
What will drought cause?
Can cause plants to develop thicker cuticle making leaves unattractive to pests
49
What normally normally prevails during dry season?
Aphids and thrips
50
What are prevalent during the wet season?
Fungi and bacteria
51
may have little resistance to pests prevailing in the
area
Introduction of new crop
52
May be intentionally or
unintentionally introduced in an area causing new pest problems
Introduction of potential pest
53
History and nature of pests (pest outbreaks and infestations) in the area.
Pest incidence in the area
54
Set of interrelated pest management practices that take into consideration the biology of both the pest and the host crop and their environment, in coming up with strategies for limiting pest
populations
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
55
What does Integrated pest management use?
max use of non-chemical measures, with pesticides applied only as the last alternative
56
What does the Integrated pest management incorporate?
a set of effective and economical crop protection measures instead of relying on a single method
57
What is the mix of pest management
use of varietal resistance, good cultural practices, biological control agents, physical control, and judicious application of selective pesticides
58
some plant varieties have inherent characteristics that have natural resistance to certain pests and diseases
Use of Varietal Resistance
59
choosing and planting varieties of crops that are known to be resistant to pests prevailing in the area
Selection
60
producing new resistant varieties of crops to pest and diseases using conventional breeding methods
Hybridization
61
development and improvement of crops through genetic engineering
Use of Genetically Modified Organisms
62
suppression of pest populations by their natural enemies that serve as either parasite, predators, or pathogens
Biological Control
63
Advantages of biological control (Biocon):
* More permanent in terms of control.
* No toxic residues since use of chemicals is limited.
* Less destructive to the life cycle of beneficial organisms.
64
Approaches to Biocon:
* Maintaining a balanced population of beneficial organisms in the area.
* Introduction of natural enemies where they are needed.
* Augmentation of the population of existing natural enemies.
65
are parasites of Lepidopterous insect pests
Diadegma and Trichogramma wasps
66
feeds on several insects
Martinez bird and the giant toad
67
parasite of the Rhinoceros beetle in coconut
Green muscadine fungus,
68
produces toxins against Lepidopterous insect pests
Bacillus thuringiensis
69
mollusks
Ducks
70
plants having pesticidal properties. May be planted to ward away pests from croplands, or pesticides may be extracted from them to substitute for chemical pesticides.
Botanicals
71
planted around vegetable gardens to ward away insect pests
Marigold
72
to control several insect pests
Ground tobacco leaves and ground hot pepper mixed with water
73
involves management practices that provide favorable conditions for crop
growth and unfavorable conditions for pest and disease development.
Cultural Control
74
What are examples of cultural control?
- Sanitation practices
- Tillage practices
- Proper Planting
- Proper water management
75
involves the use of physical barriers, attractants, and irritants
Physical Control
76
not to be applied on a regular or calendar basis but only when all other measures have failed to reduce pest populations to tolerable levels
Rational use of Pesticides
