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(1) IMMUNOLOGY > Lesson 9: The Microbiota and the Immune System > Flashcards

Lesson 9: The Microbiota and the Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses collectively termed?

A

microbiota

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2
Q

The microorganisms that are the best studied

A

bacteria

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3
Q

bacteria live on the following parts

A

skin
respiratory tract,
genitourinary tract
gastrointestinal tract

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4
Q

bacteria live mainly within the _________

A

gastrointestinal tract

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5
Q

A dog’s microbiota and its health are influenced by factors like

A
  1. Host genetics
  2. Antibiotics
  3. Infections
  4. Inflammation
  5. Stress
  6. Diet (Fiber & Fat Intake)
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6
Q

consequences of dysregulation or effects of dysbiosis (imbalance) in the gut microbiota

A
  1. Infection
  2. Inflammation
    3 immune dysregulation
  3. Allergies
  4. Obesity
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7
Q

The importance of the microbiota to the proper functioning of the animal body or effects of symbiosis (balance) in the gut microbiota

A
  1. Essential nutrients
  2. Tryptophan metabolism
  3. Short-chain fatty acids
  4. Immune System Development
    • Bone marrow development
    • Dendritic cell development
  5. Immune System Regulation
    • Tolerance induction
  6. Weight Regulation
  7. Postnatal Development
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8
Q

What bacteria are dominant in the colon lumen of a swine?

A

Bacteriodetes (Prevotellaceae, Bacteroidaceae)

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9
Q

What bacteria are dominant in the colon mucosa of a swine?

A

Firmicutes (Ruminococcaceae & Clostridiaceae) and
Bacteriocetes (Prevotellaceae, Bacteroidaceae)

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10
Q

What bacteria are dominant in the ileum mucosa of a swine?

A

Proteobacteria (Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Helicobacteraceae)

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11
Q

What bacteria are dominant in the jejunum mucosa of a swine?

A

Proteobacteria (Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Helicobacteraceae)

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12
Q

What bacteria are dominant in the rumen of a cattle?

A

Firmicutes (Ruminococcaceae & Clostridiaceae)

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13
Q

What bacteria are dominant in the colon of a cattle?

A

Peptostreptococcaceae and
Erysipelotrichaceae

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14
Q

What bacteria are dominant in the ileum of a cattle?

A

Peptostreptococcaceae and
Erysipelotrichaceae

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15
Q

What bacteria are dominant in the teat of a cattle?

A

Staphylococcaceae

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16
Q

What bacteria are dominant in the cecum of a poultry?

A

Bacteroidaceae

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17
Q

What bacteria are dominant in the duodenum of a poultry?

A

Lactobacillales

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18
Q

In the skin, the microbiota are found on the _________ surface and extend into sebaceous glands and hair follicles

A

keratinocyte

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19
Q

Two types of microbiota in skin:

A
  1. Resident population
  2. Changing population
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20
Q

This type of microbiota in the skin are relatively stable and consistent

A

Resident population

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21
Q

This type of microbiota in the skin only persist on the skin for hours or days

A

Changing population

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22
Q

What is the predominant phyla in the respiratory tract?

A

Firmicutes

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23
Q

The predominant phyla in the respiratory tract are Firmicutes with lesser numbers of what phyla?

A

Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria

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24
Q

The organisms in the respiratory tract generally live within this layer

A

mucus layer

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25
They play a role in resistance to respiratory infections as well as the development of asthma and probably chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Airway microbiota
26
Airway microbiota plays a role in resistance to respiratory infections as well as the development of these diseases
asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
27
They also regulates pulmonary adaptive responses (gut-lung axis cross-talks)
intestinal microbiota
28
The intestinal microbiota also regulate pulmonary adaptive responses called?
gut-lung axis cross-talks
29
are known to shape the composition of the respiratory tract microbiota in domestic birds or animals
✓ Exposure to environmental conditions ✓ Performance stress
30
refers to the two-way communication between the gut and lung, influencing each other's health and disease states
gut-lung axis
31
Define gut-lung axis cross-talk
refers to the two-way communication between the gut and lung, influencing each other's health and disease states. This cross-talk involves various factors, including the microbiota, immune cells, and metabolites.
32
Intrinsic host factors affecting the composition and development of the airway microbiota in domestic animals
1. Age 2. Breed 3. Genetics and Rpigenetics 4. Gut microbiome
33
Intrinsic airway factors affecting the composition and development of the airway microbiota in domestic animals
1. Mucus secretion 2. Surfactant secretion 3. Gas concentration 4. Temperature 5. pH 6. Osmolality 7. Nutrients availability 8. Blood flow 9. Secretion of IgA 10. Innate and adaptive immune recognition 11. Thickness of the mucus layer
34
The healthy cervicovaginal microbiota in adult females is usually dominated by what bacteria?
lactobacilli and other lactic acid-producing bacteria
35
______ is important to maintain low pH level in the vagina which protects it against invasion by many pathogenic bacteria and yeasts
Lactic acid
36
It is generated from lactobacilli or other lactic-acid producing bacteria upon interaction with glycogen released from desquamated squamous epithelium in the cervicovaginal area of sexually mature animals
Lactic acid
37
Lactic acid is generated from what bacteria?
lactobacilli or other lactic-acid producing bacteria
38
39
Lactic acid is generated from lactobacilli or other lactic-acid producing bacteria upon interaction with _______ released from desquamated squamous epithelium in the cervicovaginal area of sexually mature animals
glycogen
40
The surface of the rumen is covered by usually leak-proof _________
stratified squamous epithelium
41
42
changes in the ruminal microbiota due to disturbed rumen metabolism (due to high-energy diets) lead to an increase in ____________ production, a drop in rumen pH, and the development of subacute rumen acidosis
fatty acid and ethanol
43
This condition disrupts the barrier function of the ruminal squamous epithelium which permit bacterial PAMPs such as endotoxins, flagella, and other microbial products to cross the ruminal wall and enter the bloodstream to cause infection.
subacute rumen acidosis
44
Microorganisms present in the rumen
1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Fungi 4. Bacteriophages
45
Metabolic diseases of a cattle/ruminant
1. Bloat 2. Ruminal Acidosis 3. Hypoglycemia 4. Diarrhea 5. Ulcers in GI Tract 6. Reticuloperitonitis
46
A metabolic disease characterized by excess gas accumulation in rumen
Bloat
47
A metabolic disease characterized by reduction in ruminal pH
Ruminal Acidosis
48
A metabolic disease characterized by very less glucose uptake
Hypoglycemia
49
A metabolic disease characterized by GI microbiome disorder
Diarrhea
50
A metabolic disease characterized by disruption of GI epithelium
Ulcers in GI Tract
51
A metabolic disease characterized by indiscriminate feeding habits
Reticuloperitonitis
52
important to monogastric herbivores that digest fibrous plant material by anaerobic fermentation (hindgut fermenters such as the horse)
cecum and colon
53
Enumerate the Functions of Microbiota
1. Nutritional efficiency 2. Intestinal protection 3. Development of lymphoid organs 4. Microbiota signals to the body
54
Environmentally induced fluctuations in the intestinal microbiota can permit the host to adjust its metabolic and immunologic performance in response to nutritional and environmental changes.
Nutritional efficiency
55
The microbiota protects the body against colonization by pathogens and prevents the overgrowth of pathobionts by competing for essential metabolites and nutrients, and by inducing intestinal immune responses
Intestinal protection
56
The microbiota recruit immune cells to surfaces, and drive the development and organization of all the major lymphoid tissues (Peyer’s patches, mesenteric lymph nodes).
Development of lymphoid organs
57
microbiota maintains a direct and effective communication with the hosts immune system which is essential to the proper functioning of the innate and adaptive immune responses to promote optimal health
Microbiota signals to the body
58
The presence of the intestinal microbiota must either be tolerated or ignored if an animal is to remain healthy.
59
An animal cannot afford to act aggressively toward its own microbiota. The presence of all these bacterial products has the potential to trigger massive acute inflammation, but this inflammation must not happen unless necessary for the defense of the body.
60
It restrain the microbiota without triggering unnecessary inflammation, but is always ready to activate more potent defensive responses when needed through production of peptides that kill or inactivate bacteria; or secretion of regulatory cytokines; or efficient antigen presentation to dendritic cells.
Enterocytes or Intestinal Epithelium
61
ENTEROCYTES: the intestinal epithelium restrain the microbiota without triggering unnecessary inflammation, but is always ready to activate more potent defensive responses when needed through production of _______ that kill or inactivate bacteria; or secretion of regulatory cytokines; or efficient antigen presentation to dendritic cells
peptides
62
63
B CELLs: more than 80% of the body's activated B cells are found in this organ to defend against possible invasion by the microbiota.
intestine
64
The B cells produce ______, which may modify the composition of the microbiota and block further mucosal penetration, thus preventing bacteria from breaching the mucosal barrier by the ongoing IgA response, and reaching the systemic immune system.
IgA
65
They produce IgA, which may modify the composition of the microbiota and block further mucosal penetration, thus preventing bacteria from breaching the mucosal barrier by the ongoing IgA response, and reaching the systemic immune system.
B cells
66
How many % of the body's activated B cells are found in the intestine to defend against possible invasion by the microbiota.
80%
67
The key to successful accommodation with the intestinal microbiota depends on the body's ability to control inflammation in the gut wall. This is achieved by maintaining a balance between __________.
✓ proinflammatory Th17 cells ✓ anti-inflammatory Treg cells
68
Define Dysbiosis
Unstable or imbalanced microbiota. Dysbiosis can result to a various metabolic disorders in animals. Antibiotic treatment is an important cause of dysbiosis
69
is an important cause of dysbiosis
Antibiotic treatment
70
unstable or imbalanced microbiota
Dysbiosis
71
can result to a various metabolic disorders in animals
Dysbiosis
72
are cultures of live bacteria that when given orally may improve health by minimizing dysbiosis and its effects on the animal body
Probiotics
73
are usually favored for probiotic use and appear to enhance immunity to diarrhea and respiratory tract infections by possibly outcompeting pathogens
Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria
74
Define Probiotics
Probiotics are cultures of live bacteria that when given orally may improve health by minimizing dysbiosis and its effects on the animal body.

(1) IMMUNOLOGY (7 decks)

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