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CBIO 2200 Lab > Lessons 5-7 > Flashcards

Lessons 5-7 Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary System

A

skin and accessory features

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2
Q

what is the largest organ in the body

A

the skin

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3
Q

functions of the integumentary system

A

physical protection, thermoregulation, sensory, immunity, lipid storage

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4
Q

categories of skin from inner to outer

A

hypodermis, dermis, epidermis

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5
Q

Epidermis

A

top layers of skin

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6
Q

Mnemonic for layers of the epidermis

A

come let’s get burnt

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7
Q

epidermis composition

A

keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

thick skin epidermis

A

five layers, found on soles and palms, has a layer of stratum lucidium

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9
Q

thin skin epidermis

A

four layers, no stratum lucidium

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10
Q

keratinocytes

A

cell found in all epidermis layers but the stratum basale

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11
Q

keratinocyte function

A

modify, manufacture, and store keratin

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12
Q

stratum basale

A

bottom layer of the epidermis that is a single layer of cuboidal cells

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13
Q

stratum spinosum

A

thick layer of keratinocytes

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14
Q

stratum granulosum

A

layer of keratinocytes with thick cell membranes

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15
Q

stratum lucidum

A

thin layer of dead keratinocytes

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16
Q

stratum lucidum is only found in which type of epidermis?

A

thick skin

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17
Q

stratum corneum

A

a large layer of keratinized keratinocytes bound in sheets

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18
Q

Dermis

A

underlying layer of skin

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19
Q

dermis contains what besides skin cells

A

blood and lymph vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands

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20
Q

dermis composition

A

two layers of connective tissue made of elastin and collagen

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21
Q

two layers of the dermis

A

papillary and reticular layers

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22
Q

papillary layer

A

more superficial layer of the dermis

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23
Q

papillary layer composition

A

loose, areolar connective tissue

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24
Q

dermal papillae

A

where the papillary layer projects into the stratum basale

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25
Q

papillary layer contains

A

fibroblasts, fat cells, blood vessels, phagocytes, nerve fibers, touch receptors

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26
Q

reticular layer

A

bottom layer of the dermis

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27
Q

reticular layer composition

A

dense irregular tissue in a net-like structure with elastin and collagen

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28
Q

reticular layer contains

A

blood vessels and nerves

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29
Q

hypodermis layer

A

subcutaneous layer

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30
Q

hypodermis function

A

connects the skin to fascia of bones and muscles

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31
Q

hypodermis composition

A

vascularized loose areolar and adipose tissue

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32
Q

purpose of adipose tissue in the hypodermis

A

fat storage and cushioning

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33
Q

hair

A

keratinized filament

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34
Q

what layer does hair originate in

A

epidermis

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35
Q

hair function

A

protection, sensory input, thermoregulation, communication

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36
Q

arrector pili

A

contracts in response to nerve signals, causing hair follicles to stand on end

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37
Q

hair follicle internal root sheath

A

surround the root up into the hair shaft

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38
Q

hair follicle external root sheath

A

extension of the epidermis that encloses the hair root

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39
Q

hair follicle glass membrane

A

thick clear connective tissue that covers the hair root

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40
Q

hair bulb

A

where the hair root ends

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41
Q

hair matrix

A

layer if active basal cells that produce new hair cells

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42
Q

hair papilla

A

connective tissue, blood capillaries, and nerve endings that surround the hair bulb

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43
Q

nail bed

A

the tips of fingers and toes

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44
Q

lunula

A

thick layer of epithelium at the base of the nail bed that is whiteish in color

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45
Q

nail root

A

matrix of active cells that cause nail growth

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46
Q

eponychium

A

fold that overlaps the nail to anchor the body

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47
Q

nail cuticle

A

fold that meets the proximal end of the body

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48
Q

hyponychium

A

area beneath the free edge of nail

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49
Q

hyponychium composition

A

thick layer of stratum corneum

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50
Q

sweat gland function

A

cool the body

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51
Q

two types of sweat glands

A

eccrine and apocrine

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52
Q

eccrine glands are found

A

all over the skin, palms, soles, and forehead

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53
Q

eccrine gland structure

A

coiled in the upper dermis

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54
Q

eccrine gland composition

A

water, salt, antibodies, metabolic waste

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55
Q

apocrine gland found

A

armpits and genital region

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56
Q

apocrine gland structure

A

large gland deep in the dermis

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57
Q

apocrine composition

A

water, salt, organic compounds

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58
Q

skeletal system function

A

provide a structure to support body weight and allow muscles to move

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59
Q

axial skeleton

A

bones which form the vertical and central axis of the body

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60
Q

axial skeleton bones

A

skull, vertebral column, ribs

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61
Q

axial skeleton function

A

support the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs and act as an attachment site

62
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the limbs and bones that attach limbs to the axial skeleton

63
Q

long bone shape

A

cylindrical, longer than width

64
Q

long bone function

A

levers that move with muscle contraction

65
Q

long bone examples

A

radium, humerus, femur

66
Q

short bone shape

A

cube-like

67
Q

short bone function

A

stability and support

68
Q

short bone examples

A

tarsals and carpals

69
Q

flat bone shape

A

thin and curved

70
Q

flat bone function

A

point of attachment and protection

71
Q

flat bone examples

A

skull, scapulae, ribs

72
Q

flat bone distinct structure

A

layer of spongy bone in between compact bone

73
Q

irregular bone examples

A

vertebrae, facial bones

73
Q

sesamoid bone shape

A

small, shaped like a seed

74
Q

sesamoid bone function

A

form and protect tendons

75
Q

sesamoid bone example

A

patella

76
Q

diaphysis

A

tubular shaft of the bone

77
Q

epiphyses

A

proximal and distal ends of the bone

78
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow region of the diaphysis

79
Q

the medullary cavity is filled with

A

yellow marrow

80
Q

endosteum

A

membranous lining of the medullary cavity

81
Q

the endosteum is where what occurs?

A

growth, repair, and remodeling

82
Q

periosteum

A

membrane surrounding the outside of the bone

83
Q

the periosteum

A

blood and lymph vessels, nerves

84
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin cartilage at the epiphyses that reduces friction/absorbs shock where bones meet

85
Q

bone articulation

A

cupping or rounding where bone surfaces meet

86
Q

bone projection

A

area of bone that projects above the surface and is the attachment point for ligaments and tendons

87
Q

bone condyle

A

rounded surface

88
Q

bone spine

A

short, sharp projection

89
Q

bone tuberosity

A

large rough surface

90
Q

osteogenic bone cell

A

a stem cell that develops into osteoblasts

91
Q

osteogenic cells are found in

A

the periosteum and marrow

92
Q

osteoblast cell

A

build up bone matrix

93
Q

osteblasts are found in

A

growing bone, periosteum and endosteum

94
Q

osteocyte cell

A

maintains bone tissue

95
Q

osteocytes are found in

A

lacuna

96
Q

osteoclast cell

A

breakdown bone

97
Q

osteoclasts are found

A

on bone surfaces

98
Q

compact bone is found

A

under periosteum and diaphysis

99
Q

compact bone function

A

withstand compressive forces

100
Q

cell unit of compact bone

A

osteon

101
Q

lamellae

A

concentric rings of calcified matrix

102
Q

central canal

A

runs down the center of the osteon, contains blood, lymph, and nerves

103
Q

canaliculus

A

where vessels and nerves branch off from the osteon

104
Q

lacunae

A

spaces in the osteon where osteocytes

105
Q

spongy bone

A

bone with open spaces to support weight shifts

106
Q

trabeculae

A

lattice-like network of matrix spikes that form along stress lines in spongy bone

107
Q

spaces in spongy bones contain

A

red marrow

108
Q

purpose of red marrow

A

blood cell production

109
Q

purpose of yellow marrow

A

bone nourishment

110
Q

joint

A

where bones come together

111
Q

fibrous joint

A

adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous tissue

112
Q

do fibrous joints have a joint cavity?

A

no

113
Q

amphiarthroses joints

A

allow limited movement

114
Q

syndesmosis joints

A

bones are more separated and held together by a ligament or interosseous membrane

115
Q

example of syndesmosis

A

ankle

116
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

adjacent bones united by cartilage

117
Q

do cartilaginous joints have joint cavities?

A

no

118
Q

synchondrosis cartilaginous joint

A

bones are joined by hyaline cartilage

119
Q

synchondrosis joints rom

A

lack movement

120
Q

synchondrosis joint example

A

epiphyseal growth plate

121
Q

symphysis cartilaginous joints

A

bones joined by fibrocartilage

122
Q

symphysis joints are resistant to

A

pulling and bendinf

123
Q

symphysis joint examples

A

pubic and intervertebral symphysis

124
Q

synovial joint

A

has joint cavity

125
Q

joint cavity

A

fluid space where articulating surfaces of bones touch containing the synovial fluid

126
Q

synovial joint characteristics

A

most common, have increased joint mobility, bones connected by ligaments, muscles, and tendons

127
Q

synovial joint rom

A

increased movement

128
Q

articular capsule

A

fibrous tissue attached to each bone

129
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering surfaces of bone articulations

130
Q

articular cartilage is lined by

A

a synovial membrane for lubrication and movement

131
Q

articular disc is another name for

A

meniscus

132
Q

articular disc

A

fibrocartilage structure between bones

133
Q

bursa

A

thin connective tissue sac with lubrication to prevent friction

134
Q

tendon sheath

A

connective tissue sac surrounding a muscle tendon crossing a joint

135
Q

pivot joint

A

rounded portion of bone enclosed in a ring formed by another bone

136
Q

pivot joint example

A

atlantoaxial joint

137
Q

hinge joint

A

end of one bone articulates with another bone surface to allow movement in one axis

138
Q

hinge joint example

A

elbow, knee, ankle

139
Q

condyloid joint

A

shallow depression of one bone articulates with a rounded adjacent bone

140
Q

condyloid joint example

A

knuckle

141
Q

saddle joint

A

articulating surfaces of bones have a saddle shape (rider in a saddle)

142
Q

saddle joint example

A

thumb joint

143
Q

plane joint

A

gliding joint where the bones are flat and slide against each other

144
Q

plane joint example

A

carpal and tarsals

145
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

rounded head of one bone fits into a concave articulation of another

146
Q

ball and socket example

A

hip and shoulder joints

147
Q

joint with the greatest range of motion

A

ball and socket

148
Q

supination

A

palm facing forward

149
Q

pronation

A

palm facing backward

150
Q

excursion

A

side to side movement of mandible

151
Q

opposition

A

pinching movement with fingers

CBIO 2200 Lab (9 decks)

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