Lessons 5-7 Flashcards
1
Q
Integumentary System
A
skin and accessory features
2
Q
what is the largest organ in the body
A
the skin
3
Q
functions of the integumentary system
A
physical protection, thermoregulation, sensory, immunity, lipid storage
4
Q
categories of skin from inner to outer
A
hypodermis, dermis, epidermis
5
Q
Epidermis
A
top layers of skin
6
Q
Mnemonic for layers of the epidermis
A
come let’s get burnt
7
Q
epidermis composition
A
keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
8
Q
thick skin epidermis
A
five layers, found on soles and palms, has a layer of stratum lucidium
9
Q
thin skin epidermis
A
four layers, no stratum lucidium
10
Q
keratinocytes
A
cell found in all epidermis layers but the stratum basale
11
Q
keratinocyte function
A
modify, manufacture, and store keratin
12
Q
stratum basale
A
bottom layer of the epidermis that is a single layer of cuboidal cells
13
Q
stratum spinosum
A
thick layer of keratinocytes
14
Q
stratum granulosum
A
layer of keratinocytes with thick cell membranes
15
Q
stratum lucidum
A
thin layer of dead keratinocytes
16
Q
stratum lucidum is only found in which type of epidermis?
A
thick skin
17
Q
stratum corneum
A
a large layer of keratinized keratinocytes bound in sheets
18
Q
Dermis
A
underlying layer of skin
19
Q
dermis contains what besides skin cells
A
blood and lymph vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands
20
Q
dermis composition
A
two layers of connective tissue made of elastin and collagen
21
Q
two layers of the dermis
A
papillary and reticular layers
22
Q
papillary layer
A
more superficial layer of the dermis
23
Q
papillary layer composition
A
loose, areolar connective tissue
24
Q
dermal papillae
A
where the papillary layer projects into the stratum basale
25
papillary layer contains
fibroblasts, fat cells, blood vessels, phagocytes, nerve fibers, touch receptors
26
reticular layer
bottom layer of the dermis
27
reticular layer composition
dense irregular tissue in a net-like structure with elastin and collagen
28
reticular layer contains
blood vessels and nerves
29
hypodermis layer
subcutaneous layer
30
hypodermis function
connects the skin to fascia of bones and muscles
31
hypodermis composition
vascularized loose areolar and adipose tissue
32
purpose of adipose tissue in the hypodermis
fat storage and cushioning
33
hair
keratinized filament
34
what layer does hair originate in
epidermis
35
hair function
protection, sensory input, thermoregulation, communication
36
arrector pili
contracts in response to nerve signals, causing hair follicles to stand on end
37
hair follicle internal root sheath
surround the root up into the hair shaft
38
hair follicle external root sheath
extension of the epidermis that encloses the hair root
39
hair follicle glass membrane
thick clear connective tissue that covers the hair root
40
hair bulb
where the hair root ends
41
hair matrix
layer if active basal cells that produce new hair cells
42
hair papilla
connective tissue, blood capillaries, and nerve endings that surround the hair bulb
43
nail bed
the tips of fingers and toes
44
lunula
thick layer of epithelium at the base of the nail bed that is whiteish in color
45
nail root
matrix of active cells that cause nail growth
46
eponychium
fold that overlaps the nail to anchor the body
47
nail cuticle
fold that meets the proximal end of the body
48
hyponychium
area beneath the free edge of nail
49
hyponychium composition
thick layer of stratum corneum
50
sweat gland function
cool the body
51
two types of sweat glands
eccrine and apocrine
52
eccrine glands are found
all over the skin, palms, soles, and forehead
53
eccrine gland structure
coiled in the upper dermis
54
eccrine gland composition
water, salt, antibodies, metabolic waste
55
apocrine gland found
armpits and genital region
56
apocrine gland structure
large gland deep in the dermis
57
apocrine composition
water, salt, organic compounds
58
skeletal system function
provide a structure to support body weight and allow muscles to move
59
axial skeleton
bones which form the vertical and central axis of the body
60
axial skeleton bones
skull, vertebral column, ribs
61
axial skeleton function
support the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs and act as an attachment site
62
appendicular skeleton
bones of the limbs and bones that attach limbs to the axial skeleton
63
long bone shape
cylindrical, longer than width
64
long bone function
levers that move with muscle contraction
65
long bone examples
radium, humerus, femur
66
short bone shape
cube-like
67
short bone function
stability and support
68
short bone examples
tarsals and carpals
69
flat bone shape
thin and curved
70
flat bone function
point of attachment and protection
71
flat bone examples
skull, scapulae, ribs
72
flat bone distinct structure
layer of spongy bone in between compact bone
73
irregular bone examples
vertebrae, facial bones
73
sesamoid bone shape
small, shaped like a seed
74
sesamoid bone function
form and protect tendons
75
sesamoid bone example
patella
76
diaphysis
tubular shaft of the bone
77
epiphyses
proximal and distal ends of the bone
78
medullary cavity
hollow region of the diaphysis
79
the medullary cavity is filled with
yellow marrow
80
endosteum
membranous lining of the medullary cavity
81
the endosteum is where what occurs?
growth, repair, and remodeling
82
periosteum
membrane surrounding the outside of the bone
83
the periosteum
blood and lymph vessels, nerves
84
articular cartilage
thin cartilage at the epiphyses that reduces friction/absorbs shock where bones meet
85
bone articulation
cupping or rounding where bone surfaces meet
86
bone projection
area of bone that projects above the surface and is the attachment point for ligaments and tendons
87
bone condyle
rounded surface
88
bone spine
short, sharp projection
89
bone tuberosity
large rough surface
90
osteogenic bone cell
a stem cell that develops into osteoblasts
91
osteogenic cells are found in
the periosteum and marrow
92
osteoblast cell
build up bone matrix
93
osteblasts are found in
growing bone, periosteum and endosteum
94
osteocyte cell
maintains bone tissue
95
osteocytes are found in
lacuna
96
osteoclast cell
breakdown bone
97
osteoclasts are found
on bone surfaces
98
compact bone is found
under periosteum and diaphysis
99
compact bone function
withstand compressive forces
100
cell unit of compact bone
osteon
101
lamellae
concentric rings of calcified matrix
102
central canal
runs down the center of the osteon, contains blood, lymph, and nerves
103
canaliculus
where vessels and nerves branch off from the osteon
104
lacunae
spaces in the osteon where osteocytes
105
spongy bone
bone with open spaces to support weight shifts
106
trabeculae
lattice-like network of matrix spikes that form along stress lines in spongy bone
107
spaces in spongy bones contain
red marrow
108
purpose of red marrow
blood cell production
109
purpose of yellow marrow
bone nourishment
110
joint
where bones come together
111
fibrous joint
adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous tissue
112
do fibrous joints have a joint cavity?
no
113
amphiarthroses joints
allow limited movement
114
syndesmosis joints
bones are more separated and held together by a ligament or interosseous membrane
115
example of syndesmosis
ankle
116
cartilaginous joints
adjacent bones united by cartilage
117
do cartilaginous joints have joint cavities?
no
118
synchondrosis cartilaginous joint
bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
119
synchondrosis joints rom
lack movement
120
synchondrosis joint example
epiphyseal growth plate
121
symphysis cartilaginous joints
bones joined by fibrocartilage
122
symphysis joints are resistant to
pulling and bendinf
123
symphysis joint examples
pubic and intervertebral symphysis
124
synovial joint
has joint cavity
125
joint cavity
fluid space where articulating surfaces of bones touch containing the synovial fluid
126
synovial joint characteristics
most common, have increased joint mobility, bones connected by ligaments, muscles, and tendons
127
synovial joint rom
increased movement
128
articular capsule
fibrous tissue attached to each bone
129
articular cartilage
thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering surfaces of bone articulations
130
articular cartilage is lined by
a synovial membrane for lubrication and movement
131
articular disc is another name for
meniscus
132
articular disc
fibrocartilage structure between bones
133
bursa
thin connective tissue sac with lubrication to prevent friction
134
tendon sheath
connective tissue sac surrounding a muscle tendon crossing a joint
135
pivot joint
rounded portion of bone enclosed in a ring formed by another bone
136
pivot joint example
atlantoaxial joint
137
hinge joint
end of one bone articulates with another bone surface to allow movement in one axis
138
hinge joint example
elbow, knee, ankle
139
condyloid joint
shallow depression of one bone articulates with a rounded adjacent bone
140
condyloid joint example
knuckle
141
saddle joint
articulating surfaces of bones have a saddle shape (rider in a saddle)
142
saddle joint example
thumb joint
143
plane joint
gliding joint where the bones are flat and slide against each other
144
plane joint example
carpal and tarsals
145
ball-and-socket joint
rounded head of one bone fits into a concave articulation of another
146
ball and socket example
hip and shoulder joints
147
joint with the greatest range of motion
ball and socket
148
supination
palm facing forward
149
pronation
palm facing backward
150
excursion
side to side movement of mandible
151
opposition
pinching movement with fingers
