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Science - Teas > Life and Physical science > Flashcards

Life and Physical science Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 4 major macromolecules

A

carbs, protein, lipids, nucleic acids

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2
Q

what are the 4 main macros involved in

A

anabolic reactions

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3
Q

what are the 4 molecules invplved in catabolic reactions

A

monosaccarides, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides

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4
Q

what is an anabolic reaction

A

builds larger and more complex moleculesfrom smaler ones, require energy

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5
Q

what is a catabolic reaction

A

larger molecules are broken down into smaller and simpler ones, release energy

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6
Q

what is an endothermic reaction

A

chemical reacion that absorbs heat

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7
Q

what is a exothermic reaction

A

a reaction that releases heat

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8
Q

what are carbs easily converted into

A

glucose

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9
Q

what happens to carbs to get energy

A

they are oxidized

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10
Q

what is the function of carbs

A

main source of energy

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11
Q

what are exaples of simple sugars

A

glucose, fructose, and galactose

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12
Q

what is the carb ratio of carbon to water

A

1:2:1 - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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13
Q

what is a polymer

A

a compound of large molecules formed by repeating monomers

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14
Q

what is a lipid

A

molecule that is soluble in a nonpolar solvents, also hydrophobic

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15
Q

what kind of bonds do lipids have

A

C_H bonds

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16
Q

what are lipids similar to

A

hydrocarbons

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17
Q

major fole of lipids

A

energy storage and structural functions

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18
Q

what a re fatty acids made up of

A

3 fatty acids bou nd to a glycerol

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19
Q

phospholipids

A

lipids that have a phosphate groupd rather than a fatty acid

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20
Q

glycerides

A

fat and oil, formed from fatty acids and glycerol

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21
Q

proteins are formed by

A

amino acids

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22
Q

amino acids put together make up

A

polypeptides

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23
Q

define condensation reaction

A

loss of water when two molecuels are joined togeter

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24
Q

define hydrolysis reaction

A

water is added

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25
how are peptides bonded together
condensation reaction
26
what is a peptide
compound of 2 or more amino acids
27
how are amino acids formed
partial hydrolysis of a protein
28
what are the groups that form an amide bond
and amino group and carboxylic acid
29
what is a carboxylic acis
(-COOH)
30
what is an amine group
(-NH2)
31
what is the R group
the group that makes all of the amino acids different
32
what is an enzyme
a protein with strong catalytic power
33
function of amino acid
accelerate the speed at whcih reactions approach equilibrium
34
each enzyme deals with
reactants or substrates
35
what nucleic acids made up of
nucleotides
36
what is broken down with hydrolysis
hydrogen cation and hydroxide anions
37
oligonudleotides
RNA and DNA
38
what are oligonucleotides broken down into
nucleosides
39
nucleotides are jointed to make
phosphodiester bonds
40
what is nitrogen fixation
a process used to synthexize nucleotides for DNA and amino acids for proteins
41
function of nucleic acids
store information and energy and are also catalysts
42
what catalyzes the transfer of DNA genetic info
RNA
43
what is DNA genetic information transfered into
protein coded information
44
what is ATP
an RNA nucleotide
45
what are nucleotides made up of
5 simple sugars
46
What do chromosomes consist of
Genes
47
what do chromosomes consist of
genes - which are single units or genetic information
48
What is shape is DNA
a double helix
49
what does DNA consist of
nucleotides
50
what do nucleotides consist of
5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
51
how many types of nitrogenous bases are there
4
52
what are the nitrogenous bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
53
what is each base attached to
a phosphate and a sugar
54
what are the base pairs
A & T, C & G
55
what are the pyrimidine bases
cytosine, thymine, and uracil
56
what shape are pyrimidine bases
six-sided and have a single ring
57
what are the purine bases
adenine and guanine
58
what shape are purine bases
two attached rings
59
what do bases become when attached to a sguar
a nucleoside
60
what are the components of DNA from simplest to most complex
base, nucleoside, nucleotide, then DNA
61
difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide
a nucleoside is a base attached only to a sugar, and a nucleotide is a base and sugar attached to a phosphate group
62
what is a codon
a group of 3 nucleotides on messenger RNA
63
what code does a codon have
a single amino acid
64
how many codons are there for 20 amino acids
64
65
what pattern can a codon have
any, AAA, AAG, AGA, etc.
66
what are start and stop codons
they indicate the beginning and ending of a sequence
67
what happens to DNA when replication starts
it unwinds
68
what are the steps in DNA replication controlled by
enzymes
69
what enzyme starts to defore the DNA
helicase, - deforms the hydrogen bonds
70
where does the splitting of DNA start
with adenine and thymine
71
what is each strand of DNA transcribed by
a mRNA
72
what does mRNA do
copies the DNA unto itself, base by base
73
what is the exception in DNA replication that mRNA uses
uracil in place of thymine
74
what does RNA do
acts as a helper and carries out a number of functions
75
what types of RNA are there
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
76
what is mRNA, and what does it do
Messenger RNA, carries a copy of a strand of DNA and transports it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
77
what is transcription
the process in which RNA polymerase copies DNA into RNA
78
what is translation
the process whereby ribosomes use transcribed RNA to put together the needed protein
79
what is tRNA and what does it do
transfer RNA, it helps in the translation process and is found in the cytoplasm
80
where is rRNA found
in Ribosomes
81
what sugars do DNA and RNA have
DNA - deoxyribose sugar | RNA - ribose sugar
82
what are the bases of DNA and RNA
DNA - A,C,T, G | RNA - A, C, U, G,
83
how many strands do DNA and RNA consist of
DNA - 2 | RNA - 1
84
what is the sugar pentose
a fully hydroxylated sugar the RNA uses
85
what is Mendels 1st law
law of segregation
86
what is Mendels 2nd law
law of independent assortment
87
what is the law of segregation
Mendels 1st law, two alleles and half of the total number of alleles are contributed by each parent
88
what is the law of independent assortment
Mendels 2nd law, states that traits are passed on randomly and are not influenced by other traits
89
what is a phenotype
the physical showing of genes
90
what is a genotype
the genetic make up of genes
91
what is a gene a part of
the genetic code
92
what do all genes collectively form
the genotype
93
what is an allele
a variation of a gene, aka trait
94
what does an allele determine
the manifestation of a gene
95
example of the difference of gene and allele
gene - gentic information of eye color | allele - gene variations responsible for blue, green, brown etc
96
what is a locus (loci)
refers to the location of a gene or allele
97
what id DD or dd classified as
homosygous pair
98
what is Dd classified as
heterozygous pair
99
what is a genetic cross
all of the possible combinations of alleles
100
what is a monohybrid cross
a cross only involving one trait
101
what is a dihybrid cross
a cross involving more than one trait
102
what is the ratio of a dihybrid cross
9:3:3:1 - when traits are not linked
103
what is codominence
the expression of both alleles so that both traits are shown
104
definition of plymorphic
A gene with at least 3 possible alleles (multiple alleles)

Science - Teas (18 decks)

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