Limbic system II Flashcards by patrick ellis

Which of the following is involved in memory formation

Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus

Which of the following is involved in memory formation

Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus

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Which of the following is involved in processing emotions and behavior regulation

Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus

Which of the following is involved in processing emotions and behavior regulation

Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus

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Which of the following is involved in recalling emotional memories

Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus

Which of the following is involved in recalling emotional memories

Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus

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Damage anywhere along the route from amygdala to pons interferes with [] fears that modulate the startle reflex

Damage anywhere along the route from amygdala to pons interferes with learned fears that modulate the startle reflex

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The amygdala has main outputs to which areas of the brain? [2]

Which responses do they co-ordinate?

Pre-frontal lobe: Behavioural response
* Controls approach and avoidance responses

Hypothalamus and autonomic nuclei in the brainstem:Physiological response
* Controls autonomic fear responses

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The process of fear learning

A fear-inducing stimulus reaches the amygdala through two separate but simultaneous pathways.

Explain what they are [2]

The low (fast) road
* crude information
* sets in motion the fight-or-flight response

The high (slow) road:
* Complete and detailed analysis of the stimulus

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The process of fear learning

The low road is a connection between which two brain parts? [2]

The high road is a connection between which two brain parts? [2]

Low road:
* Thalamus to amygdala

High road:
* Thalamus to sensory cortex to amygdala

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Describe why the startle-reflex is highly adaptive [1]

Before emotional memories reach consciousness, it causes autonomic changes (increased heart rate and blood pressure) to allow a quick response

(The memories influence subsequent actions through the projections to the frontal cortex)

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Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that exploits this role of which part of the limbic system?

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus

What effect does this have on a person? [1]

Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that exploits this role of which part of the limbic system?

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus

Toxoplasma gondii parasite linked to risky business behavior?

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What is Urbach-Wiethe disease? [1]

Urbach-Wiethe disease:
* rare recessive genetic condition that causes calcium to build up into the amygdala until it wastes away

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Desribe the effect on patient SM, who has a damaged amygdala, of reading facial expressions [2]

Fails to recognize the emotional expressions in faces (especially fear or disgust)

When such patient recognizes an expression as fear or disgust, they rate it as less intense than other people do

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What does latest research about amygdala suggest about its role? [2]

Instead of being responsible for feeling fear or other emotions, amygdala is responsible for:

detecting emotional information related to threats and automatically orienting towards the location of potential threats
directing other brain areas to pay attention to it in the proper way

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Can basic emotions be distinguished from a neural perspective? [1]

Each emotion is associated with an array of smaller and larger patches of brain activity: there are different hotspots associated with each emotion

BUT

Rather than being specialized for one type of emotion, individual brain regions often contribute to multiple emotions

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Damage to the amygdala causes which three consequences? [3]

Interpreting or understanding stimuli with emotional consequences

The learning of fear responses

Retention of fear responses previously learned

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Describe the function of the hippocampus [2]

Labels new experiences with place and time and other parameters
This is important info for ‘labelling’ memories to allow them to be stored in the cortex and retrieved when needed.

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State the exact location the hippocampus [1]

medial region of the temporal lobe

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What are the two forms of amnesia? [2]

Retrograde Amnesia: Describes amnesia where you can’t recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia.

Anterograde Amnesia: Describes amnesia where you can’t form new memories after the event that caused the amnesia

State the type of learning & memories that the hippocampus is responsible for [3]

Declarative (explicit) memory:
* Episodic memory: life events
* Semantic memory: general facts and knowledge

Why is episodic memory so complex? [1]

Remember the event but also the context of the memory

Medial temporal lobe memory system

The hippocampus is connected to which structures in the medial temporal lobe memory system:

Within the temporal lobe? [3]

Outside the temporal love? [2]

Within the temporal lobe:
* perirhinal cortex
* entorhinal cortex
* parahippocampal cortex

Outside the temporal lobe:
* Mamillary bodies
* Anterior thalamic nuclei

Amnesia can be caused by damage to which general areas of the brain? [2]

Areas within the medial temporal lobe

Areas connected to the medial temporal lobe

Amnesia can be caused by damage to which general areas of the brain? [2]

Areas within the medial temporal lobe

Areas connected to the medial temporal lobe

Which two main emotions is the amygdala involved with? [2]

Fear and Disgust

Which structures are mostly associated with the emotional limbic system? [2]

Which structures are mostly associated with the memory limbic system? [2]

Do they behave independently or are they connected? [1]

Emotional limbic system:
* orbitofrontal cortex
* Amygdala
* associated structures

Memory limbic system:
* Hippocampus & Papez circuit

Act independently but they share cortical nodes when an emotional state is connected to an episodic memory episode

Which areas of the brain connects rewards to appropriate actions? [3]

Anterior cingulate gyrus Subgenual anterior cingulate gyrus Orbitofrontal cortex

Which area of the brain is responsible for representation of values of primary re-inforcers and various stimuli, events or goals? [1]

Orbitofrontal cortex

What is the role of the insula? [1]

Emotional aspect of risk taking

Label A-D of the internal circuit of hippocampal formation

A: **entorhinal cortex** B: **dentate gyrus** C: **CA3** D: **CA1**

Which of the following is the entorhinal cortex? A B C D E

Which of the following is the entorhinal cortex? **A** B C D E

Which of the following is the anterior thalamus ? A B C D E

Which of the following is the anterior thalamus ? A B C D **E**

Which of the following is the parahippocampal gyrus? A B C D E

Which of the following is the parahippocampal gyrus? A B **C** D E

Which of the following is the perirhinal cortex? A B C D E

Which of the following is the perirhinal cortex? A **B** C D E

The medial surface of the temporal lobe (mesial temporal lobe) includes important structures (Hippocampus, Entorhinal, Perirhinal, Parahippocampal cortex) that are anatomically related and are mandatory for what type of memory? [1]

**Declerative**

Which two parts of the pre-frontal cortex are involved in the limbic system? [2]

orbitofrontal cortex cingulate cortex (The anterior part of the cingulate cortex merges into the orbitofrontal cortex)

Which of the following is involved in the limbic system? A B C D E

Which of the following is involved in the limbic system? A B **C** D E

What is this area involved with regarding memory? [1]

**Parahippocampal gyrus**: It is primarily involved in the **acquisition of new memories**

The fornix axons end in the [] and the [] of the hypothalamus

The fornix axons end in the **septal nuclei** and the **mammillary body** of the hypothalamus

Describe the route for information of Papezs circuit

1. Information goes from the cingulate cortex to the parahippocampal gyrus 2. Information goes from the parahippocampal cortex to the hippocampus 3. Information from the hippocampus goes along the fornix to the mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus 4. Information goes from the hypothalamus to the anterior thalamus 5. Information goes from the anterior thalamus back to the cingulate cortex

Label A&B [2]

A: septal nucleus B: nucleus accumbens

State the role of the nucleus accumbens [1]

The accumbens (ventral striatum) is involved in the **initiation and termination of behaviours** (motor actions) that **activate reward pathways** For example, the act of chewing and swallowing are rewarding as they immediately precede food entering the stomach (which releases peptides that act to trigger reward pathways in the brain.

The cingulate gyrus recieves input from which tract? [1] Anterior spinothalamic Lateral spinothalamic Reticulospinal Rubrospinal

The cingulate gyrus recieves input from which tract? [1] Anterior spinothalamic **Lateral spinothalamic** Reticulospinal Rubrospinal