Lineage

Question 1

It regulates cell numbers during development, growth, and repair.

Answer 1

Mitosis and apoptosis

Question 2

The cell cycle is controlled by checkpoints which are?

Answer 2

telomeres and cyclins and kinases

Question 3

During apoptosis, cells receive a death signal, activate ______, and break apart in an orderly fashion.

Answer 3

caspases

Question 4

Two broad types of interactions among cells

Answer 4

signal transduction and cellular adhesion

Question 5

Molecules on the plasma membrane assess, transmit, and amplify incoming messages to the cell’s interior.

Answer 5

Signal Transduction

Question 6

it means to change one form of something into another.

Answer 6

Transduce

Question 7

The proteins that carry out signal transduction are in the ______ and are embedded in the __________

Answer 7

cytoplasm, plasma membrane

Question 8

A receptor binds an incoming molecule, called the _____

Answer 8

first messenger

Question 9

The receptor then contorts, touching a nearby protein called a _________

Answer 9

regulator

Question 10

The regulator activates a nearby ________, which catalyzes (speeds) a specific chemical reaction.

Answer 10

enzyme

Question 11

it is the key part of the entire process because it elicits the cell’s response.

Answer 11

second messenger

Question 12

It is a precise sequence of interactions among the proteins that connect cells.

Answer 12

Cellular adhesion

Question 13

This occurs when white blood cells (leukocytes) move in the circulation to the injured or infected body part

Answer 13

inflammation

Question 14

________ including selectins, integrins, and adhesion receptor proteins, direct white blood cells to injury sites.

Answer 14

Cellular adhesion molecules

Question 15

________ attach to the white blood cells and slow them to a roll by also binding to carbohydrates on the capillary wall

Answer 15

selectins

Question 16

Chemical attractants activate _________, which latch onto the white blood cells, _______, which extend from the capillary wall at the injury site.

Answer 16

integrins, adhesion receptor proteins

Question 17

they proteins then guide the white blood cells between the tile-like lining cells to the injury site

Answer 17

Integrins and adhesion receptor proteins

Question 18

it is a condition when signals that direct white blood cells to injury sites fail

Answer 18

Leukocyte-adhesion deficiency

Question 19

it may occur when the wrong adhesion molecules rein in white blood cells, inflaming a joint where no injury exists.

Answer 19

arthritis

Question 20

______ guide cells surrounding an embryo to grow toward maternal cells and form the placenta

Answer 20

CAMs

Question 21

In _______ ,cell surface receptors receive information from first messengers (stimuli) and pass them to second messengers, which then trigger a cellular response.

Answer 21

signal transduction

Question 22

_______ guide white blood cells to injury sites using a sequence of cell-protein interactions.

Answer 22

Cellular adhesion molecules

Question 23

_______ and _________renew tissues so that as the body grows, or loses cells to apoptosis, injury, and disease, other cells are produced that take their places.

Answer 23

Stem cells and progenitor cells

Question 24

A stem cell divides by ________ to yield either two daughter cells that are stem cells like itself

Answer 24

mitosis

Question 25

This is what makes a stem cell a stem cell

Answer 25

self-renewal

Question 26

A ______ cannot self-renew, and its daughters specialize as any of a restricted number of cell types

Answer 26

progenitor cell

Question 27

A _______ cell, such as a mature blood cell, descends from a sequence of increasingly specialized progenitor cell intermediates, each one less like a stem cell and more like a blood cell.

Answer 27

fully differentiated cell

Question 28

it is the ultimate stem cell

Answer 28

fertilized ovum

Question 29

it can give rise to every cell type

Answer 29

totipotent

Question 30

Their daughter cells have fewer possible fates

Answer 30

pluripotent

Question 31

Their daughter cells have only a few developmental “choices.”

Answer 31

multipotent

Question 32

An immature ___ cell forms from a progenitor cell by manufacturing mineral-binding proteins and enzymes.

Answer 32

bone

Question 33

An immature ____ cell forms from a muscle progenitor cell that accumulates contractile proteins

Answer 33

muscle

Question 34

_______ are not cells from an embryo, but are created in a laboratory dish

Answer 34

Embryonic stem cells

Question 35

ES cells are created in a laboratory dish using certain cells from a region of a very early embryo called an ______

Answer 35

inner cell mass (ICM)

Question 36

_______cells used to derive ES cells from left-over embryos and from nuclear transfer,

Answer 36

inner cell mass (ICM)

Question 37

Nuclear transfer is called _____ because it copies the person’s genome

Answer 37

cloning

Question 38

_____ cells are somatic cells that are “reprogrammed” to differentiate into any of several cell types

Answer 38

Induced pluripotent stem cells

Question 39

The instructions for a cell to reprogram are sent into cells as ____

Answer 39

genes

Question 40

Deriving iPS cells does not require the use of any cells from an ____

Answer 40

embryo

Question 41

They are found in the tissues of fetuses, embryos and children, not just in adult bodies

Answer 41

adult stem cells

Question 42

adult stem cells are called _____

Answer 42

tissue-specific or somatic stem cells

Question 43

Adult stem cells self-renew, but most are ______, giving rise to a few types of specialized daughter cells.

Answer 43

multipotent

Question 44

A _______ self-renews and gives rise to any of several differentiated cell types.

Answer 44

stem cell

Question 45

_______ do not self-renew.

Answer 45

progenitor cells