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linkage institutes test Flashcards

1
Q

4 linkage institutes

A

media
elections
political parties
interest groups

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2
Q

how does media connect people to public policy?

A

policy entrepreneurs
sets the agenda
framing
gatekeeping

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3
Q

how does elections connect people to public policy?

A

campaigning
reinforce, activation, and convert
allow for participation in politics

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4
Q

how does interest groups connect people to public policy?

A

People choose policy and join membership
lobbying

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5
Q

how does political parties connect people to public policy?

A

create party platforms
candidates connect to people

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6
Q

primary process

A

elections in which voters choose the nominee or delegates pledged to the nominee

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7
Q

caucus process

A

meeting of state party leaders
used to select delegates
not used in many states

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8
Q

which goes first? primary or caucus

A

primaries

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9
Q

evaluating primary and caucus system

A

disproportionate attention to early ones
participation is low and unrepresentative

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10
Q

front loading

A

the rush to be first, because early primaries are more influential

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11
Q

super delegates

A

people who are awarded automatic slots as delegates based on office they hold
members of Congress
more democratic

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12
Q

McGovern Fraser commission

A

changed rules to make delegates representation more inclusive of party and took away party leaders handpicking the delegates in secret

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13
Q

who tends to vote in primaries and caucus?

A

partisans and activists (very democratic)

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14
Q

criticism of primary system

A

too much importance placed on early states
voters are more ideological, not represent average american
candidates appeal more to partisans in primaries than in general

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15
Q

process of becoming president

A

decide to run
win your party primary/caucus and gain enough pledged delegates
party convention
run general election campaign
win electoral college
sworn into office

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16
Q

length of presidential campaign

A

18 months or more

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17
Q

ways a candidate may be nominated for election

A

self announcement
caucus
convention
petition
primary election

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18
Q

presidential campaign candidates are elected by

A

political parties in party national convention

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19
Q

congressional campaigns are elected by who

A

usually incumbents that run as individuals

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20
Q

percentage of reelection for incumbents to win

A

90%

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21
Q

how to break a tie for presidential campaign?

A

HOR does a revote

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22
Q

electoral college

A

represents elitism form of government
over represents small states and underrepresents large states

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23
Q

why was electoral college created?

A

a compromise created by framers to ensure that president was chosen intelligently and with input of each state

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24
Q

other types of elections

A

initiative
referendum
recall

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25
initiative
allows citizens to propose legislation and submit it to popular vote (petitions)
26
referendum
allows the legislature to submit proposed legislation for popular approval
27
recall
elections allow citizens to remove someone from office (used in 24 states and DC)
28
BCRA or McCain Feingold Campaign Finance Reform Act of 2002
banned soft money wealthy donors found loopholes limited issue advocacy advertisements, none posted 60 days out from election, 30 = primary banned direct contribution of PACs with political parties
29
Citizens United v Federal Election Commission 2010
contribution cannot legally be limited from corporations (struck down 2002 case) PACs can spend unlimited sums on ads and other political tools (cannot give direct money) 527s have become 501c4 to avoid reporting
30
difference of hard and soft money
hard money = give directly to candidate (limited and regulated) soft money = contributions not directly promoting specific candidate (not limited or regulated)
31
FECA
Federal Election Campaign Act 1971 increased disclosure of who gives to campaign (limit role of money in campaigns) no limit of overall spending but how much on mass media ads
32
FEC
Federal Election Commission 1974 Enforces FECA requires candidates to publicly disclose who contributed in campaigns and spendings
33
PACs
groups funnel money to candidates through soft money contribution and issue advocacy ads began after Buckley v Valeo
34
Buckley v Valeo
1976 Money is speech no limit on candidates spending their own money individual limits of $1k per candidate PAC limits of $5k per candidate
35
Super PACs
independent expenditure only committees can raise unlimited amounts of money (soft money)
36
independent expenditures
money spent to support a candidate, but not contribute to the candidate or party not limited given by citizens united issue advocacy ads (not paid by candidate but interest group)
37
incumbents advantage
higher visibility name recognition experience organization record of voting fundraising ability
38
congressional midterm election
president's party almost always loses seats in miderterm lower turnout more partisans
39
what makes political campaigns weak with voters?
ballot fatigue age citizenship voter registration weekday
40
partisanship
how much a individual is involved into their party, they work for their own political issues they won't find compromise
41
tactics of interest groups to influence policy (legislative)
testifying contracting drafting alerting impacts mobilizing constituents contributing (giving money) electioneering (PACs) endorsing coalition building
42
tactics of interest groups to influence policy (executive)
contacting influencing appointments drafting rules/regulations/guidelines serving on boards
43
tactics of interest groups to influence policy (judicial)
litigation amicus curiae briefs (influence courts) grassroots
44
difference of interest and political parties
interest = policy specialists parties = policy generalists
45
#1 thing lobbyists have to offer legislators
they provide them information and political benefits
46
new lobby regulation act
1995 tightened registration and disclosure requirements broadened definition of lobbyist (anyone who spends 20% of time lobbying) restriction on gifts (no more than $50)
47
3 parts of iron triangle
an alliance among an administrative agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee symbiotic relationship
48
who gets what in iron triangle?
Congress gets electoral support and policy discretion and implementation support agencies gets funding and political support interest groups get friendly legislation, beneficial regulation
49
how iron triangles impact incumbents
those with more well funded groups and large membership have more access to policymakers
50
types of interest groups
economic interests ideological, social, protest consumer and public interest single issue groups institutional groups
51
which type of interest group is most successful
single issued groups
52
what makes an interest group most successful?
size (small) and single issued
53
economic interests group
labor unions, tax policy, business regulations Buisness dominate lobbying and number PACs tend to be more republican
54
environmental interest groups
more formed since 1970 have lots of public support more so than money influence
55
what makes an interest group successful?
size (smaller interest groups)and single issue groups
56
equality interest groups
NAACP and NOW and ERA equal rights amendment
57
consumer and other public interest lobbies
better business bureau and consumer reports (BBB)
58
social movements
often use protest and civil disobedience as a way to call attention to their issue (protests and civil disobedience)
59
public interest groups
work for the collective interest of a broad group of individuals, not just its membebrs
60
single issue groups
interest groups that focus advocacy on a single issue
61
institutional groups
intergovernmental groups (represent state and local governments to lobby for federal funds) professional associations/labor unions corportations
62
ideological, social, and protest movements
civil rights women's rights environemntal
63
free rider problem
one who benefits from the actions of others without "paying" or benefit from interest group without making an contributions
64
how do interest groups use PACs
they donate money (financial resources) to candidates that fit to their policy most money goes to incumbents
65
lobbying
communication by someone other than citizen acting on his own behalf, directed to a governmental decision maker with hopes of influencing desicion give them information to persuade
66
draft legislation
suggest and support legislation testify at committee hearings on the formulation of legislation write bills to be introduced
67
electioneering
strategy of aiding candidates financially and getting group members to supply them and GOTV
68
litigation
if an interest group fails to influence Congress, then they go to the courts to persuade them file amicus curiae briefs to influence a supreme court decision
69
pluralist viewpoints on interest groups
causes gridlock, multiple groups compete and compromise
70
elitist viewpoints of interest groups
the wealthiest groups are the most successful and seen
71
how do interest groups influence judicial branch
amicus curiae
72
what governing body oversees broadcast media?
FCC Federal Communications Commission 1934 limit monopolies (no company can own more than 35%)
73
what type of media do presidential candidates spend most money on?
More of advertisements (tv media)
74
horse race journalism
focusing more polls and public opinion in media
75
agenda setting function
chooses stories which will galvanize the public, and which lawmakers will act on (most influential) also influences what cannot be seen
76
policy agenda for media
the issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and people actively involved in politics at the time
77
narrowcasting
programming targeted to a specific narrow interest and group
78
selective perception
we choose new sources that are similar to our political viewpoint
79
framing
process by which news organizations define a political issue and consequently affects opinion about issue
80
gate keeping
media executives, editors, and reporters decide which events to present and how to present them
81
does media focus more on congressional or presidential races?
presidential races causes more voter turnout
82
what does media focus on in presidential races?
the polls and how they are winning the personality of the candidate winning
83
what is effect of consumer driven media
increases media choices more information given but they are less informed or misinformed
84
what type of media do conservatives dominate
news outlets, especially Fox News radio
85
what type of media do liberals dominate
journalists, markets and outlets
86
new York times co. vs sullivan
1964 court said right to publish statements is protected under 1st amendment public official must show that what was said against them was made with actual malice
87
new York times co. vs US
pentagon papers case 1971 impose prior restraints on press = the government prohibits publication of news story only with a strong compelling national security reason
88
cable news is
weak, simplistic, repetitive, lacks substance, poorly research, ignored important topics
89
main six companies
Comcast, newscorp, Disney, Viacom, cbs, time warner
90
telecommunications act of 1996
deregulated whole segments of electronic media of bringing more balance led to sudden merger or previously distinct kinds of media in order to create multimedia approach

ap gov (20 decks)

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