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SES 626-Metabolism > Lipid Metabolism > Flashcards

Lipid Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are triacylglycerols?

A

Storage form of fatty acids

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2
Q

Why are glycogen and triacylglycerol similar?

A

They are both the storage form of their respective macromolecule

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3
Q

How are lipid droplets bound in adipocytes?

A

Phospholipid monolayers

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4
Q

These structures restrict access to the inside of the triacylglycerol molecule

A

perilipins

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5
Q

What is triacylglycerol synthesized from?

A

glycerol and free fatty acids

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6
Q

What is the starting molecule of Glycerol 3 phosphate?

A

Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP)

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7
Q

Glycerol 3 phosphate dehydrogenase

A

catalyzes the reduction of DHAP to form glycerol 3 phosphate

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8
Q

what is Glycerol 3 phosphate

A

activated form of glycerol

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9
Q

Importance of triosphosphate isomerase as it relates to lipids

A

This reaction is reversible and can be utilized to form DHAP and ultinamtely glycerol 3 phosphate from glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

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10
Q

What is Acyl CoA?

A

intermediary in converting lipid to carb
Fatty acid + CoA - SH

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11
Q

CoA SH or COASH

A

Coenzyme A with an attached sulfihydryl group

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12
Q

Acyl CoA Synthetase

A

Catalyzes formation of Acyl CoA from Fatty acid
Fatty Acid + ATP + CoA SH <> Acyl CoA, AMP, PPi

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13
Q

Glycerol Phosphate AcylTransferase

A

Catalyzes the reaction joining glycerol 3 phosphate and Acyl CoA to form Phosphatidate

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14
Q

Where is the carbon located on a molecule of phosphatidate?

A

Carbon 3

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15
Q

Where is the saturated fatty acid located on a molecule of phosphatidate?

A

Carbon 1

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16
Q

Where is the unsaturated fatty acid located on a molecule of phosphatidate?

A

Carbon 2

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17
Q

Triacylglycerol Synthase

A

Catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidate to triacylglycerol

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18
Q

Diacylglycerol

A

Intermediary in conversion of phosphatidate to triacylglycerol

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19
Q

what is removed in the coversion of phosphatidate into triacylglycerol? What is it replaced with?

A

Loses Phosphoryl group
gains third acyl group

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20
Q

What is lipolysis

A

breakdown of triacylglycerol into free fatty acids

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21
Q

where does lipolysis occur?

A

cytosol

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22
Q

which two enzymes catalyze lipolysis?

A

Triacylglycerol Lipase
Monoacylglycerol Lipase

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23
Q

Triacylglycerol Lipase

A

Converts triacylglycerol to monoacylglycerol, uses water to remove carbon 1 and 3. results in 2 monoacylglycerol and two fatty acids

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24
Q

monoacylglycerol lipase

A

hydrolyzes the ester linkage at position 2 of the glycerol, breaks down monoacylglycerols

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25
Q

Net yield of lipolysis of one triacylglycerol

A

three fatty acids
one glycerol

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26
Q

What is Beta Oxidation

A

Preparation of fatty acid molecules so that they can be used for energy (synthesis of Acyl CoA)

27
Q

Where does Beta Oxidation occur?

A

Mitochondria

28
Q

What must happen in order for fatty acids to enter the mitochondria for Beta Oxidation?

A

Fatty acids must pass both inner and outer membrane

29
Q

How does fatty acid activation occur?

A

Conversion to Acyl CoA

30
Q

How many carbons do Acyl Groups have?

A

> = 14

31
Q

How do acyl groups cross the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

attaches to carnitine

32
Q

What is cytosolic fatty acyl CoA converted to in order to cross the mitochondrial inner membrane?

A

Fatty acyl carnitine

33
Q

Carnitine Acyl Transferase I

A

catalyzes the reaction in which carnitine removes the acyl group from Acyl CoA to form Acyl Carnitine.

grants entry to INTERMEMBRANE SPACE ONLY

34
Q

Translocase (carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase)

A

Enzyme that helps Acyl carnitine cross the inner mitochondrial membrane

35
Q

Carnitine Acyl Transferase II

A

Ezyme responsible for the reverse acyl carnitine reaction, linkes acyl group back to CoA

36
Q

How many carboons does Acetyl CoA have that are used in Krebs Cycle?

A

2

37
Q

How many carbons does pyruvate have that are used in Krebs Cycle?

A

3

38
Q

How many carbons does Citrate have?

A

6

39
Q

How many carbons are lost in the conversion of Citrate to oxaloacetate?

A

2

40
Q

how many acetyl co A are produced during one round of beta oxidation?

A

1

41
Q

how many FADH2 are produced during one round of beta oxidation?

A

1

42
Q

How many NADH are produced during one round of beta oxidation?

A

1

43
Q

Stage 1 of fatty acid oxidation

A

long chain fatty acid is oxidized to yield 1 acetyl CoA

44
Q

Stage 2 of fatty acid oxidation

A

acetyl CoA are oxidized to CO2 via the citric acid cycle

45
Q

Stage 3 of fatty acid oxidation

A

Electrons from stage 1 and 2 are passed to O2 via mitochondrial respiratory chain providing energy for ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation

46
Q

Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase: Process, Substrates, Products

A

1st step of beta oxidation
process: dehydrogenation
Acyl CoA + FAD > Enoyl CoA + FADH2

47
Q

Enol CoA Hydratase: Process, Substrates, Products

A

2nd step of beta oxidation
Hydration
Enoyl CoA + Water > L-3 hydroxyacyl CoA

48
Q

where does the water come from in the Enol CoA Hydratase reaction of beta oxidation?

A

End of the electron transport chain

49
Q

Hydroxy Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase: Process, substrates, products

A

3rd step of beta oxidation
Dehydrogenation
L-3 hydroxyacyl CoA + NAD+ > 3 ketoacyl CoA +NADH + H+

50
Q

Thiolase: Process, substrates, products

A

4th step of beta oxiation
splitting
3 ketoacyl CoA + CoA SH > Acetyl CoA + Acyl CoA (n-2 carbons)

51
Q

How many total ATP equivalents are produced form one round of Beta Oxidation?

A

5
1 NADH (3)
1 FADH2 (2)

52
Q

How many ATP equivalents are formed from one round of beta oxidation including those produced from the acetyl coA used in krebs?

A

17 total

53
Q

For each round of beta oxidation how many carbons are removed?

A

2

54
Q

How many ATP equivalents are produced from the complete degradation of one molecule of palmitic acid?

A

129

55
Q

What is the end product of the breakdown of 1 molecule of acetyl CoA in Krebs?

A

2 CO2
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP

56
Q

Where are the NADH and FADH2 from beta oxidation and krebs utilized?

A

they are oxidized in the ETC

57
Q

At rest what macromolecule does the body prefer to use for energy?

A

fatty acids (during rest and light exercise)

58
Q

What is the fate of the glycerol molecule formed during lipolysis?

A

it becomes a source of carbon for gluconeogenesis in the liver (DHAP)

59
Q

Glycerol Kinase:

A

phosphorylates glycerol to yield Glycerol 3 phosphate

60
Q

What is glycerol 3 phosphate converted to and where is it used?

A

DHAP
glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

61
Q

When are ketone bodies used?

A

carbohydrate starvation, high fat diets

62
Q

Describe the process of ketone body formation

A

Liver catabolizes fat to acetyl CoA,
Acetyl CoA converted to Ketones

63
Q

Where are ketone bodies taken up after being released into systemic circulation?

A

brain, muscle, nerves

SES 626-Metabolism (14 decks)

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