Protein Metabolism

Question 1

What are amino acids

Answer 1

building blocks of proteins

Question 2

Proteolysis

Answer 2

protein breakdown through hydrolysis of their peptide bonds

Question 3

Enzymes that catalyze proteolysis

Answer 3

proteases

Question 4

Where does protein synthesis take place?

Answer 4

ribosomes

Question 5

key points of protein synthesis

Answer 5

Translation of mrna from transcription of a gene

Question 6

Approximation of free amino concentrations in the body

Answer 6

Glutamine ~60%
Glutamate ~14%
Alanine ~4%

Question 7

Where are amino acids typically found in the cell?

Answer 7

cytosol

Question 8

What are the primary uses of free amino acids

Answer 8

processing other aminos

Question 9

What is the glucose alanine cycle?

Answer 9

Converts alanine to pyruvate and ultimately glucose

Question 10

What is the first step of breakdown of all amino acids?

Answer 10

removal of the nitrogenous alpha amine group (NH3+)

Question 11

What is non oxidative deamination?

Answer 11

Loss of an amine group uses oxygen

Question 12

What type of enzyme is required for non oxidative deamination?

Answer 12

dehydrogenase

Question 13

Why is non oxidative deamination unique?

Answer 13

Only 2 amino acids go through it

Question 14

Which two amino acids go through non oxidative deamination?

Answer 14

serine and threonine

Question 15

Through the process of non oxidative deamination what are amine groups released as?

Answer 15

ammonia

Question 16

Serine Deaminase

Answer 16

aka serine dehydratase
catalyzes the dehydrogenation of serine into pyruvate and ammonia (NH4)

Question 17

Threonine Deaminase

Answer 17

aka theronine dehydratase
catalyzes the dehydrogenation of threonine into pyruvate and ammonia

Question 18

Key difference between oxidative and non oxidative deamination

Answer 18

Oxidative deamination occurs via the oxidation of amine group amino acids whereas non oxidative deamination occurs via any other reaction

Question 19

Oxidative deamination

Answer 19

Glutamate loses amine group and a H+
oxidized by NAD+ or NADP+

Question 20

Transamination

Answer 20

transfer of amine groups to alpha ketoglutarate to form glutamate and alpha keto acid.

Most aminos (excluding glutamate, serine and threonine go through this process)

Question 21

Aminotrasferase

Answer 21

Enzyme responsible for catalyzing the transamination of amino acids (ecluding glutamate, threonine and serine)

Question 22

What is the most common fate of Alpha keto acids?

Answer 22

conversion to intermediates of carb and fat metabolism

Question 23

Potential fates of alpha keto acids

Answer 23

pyruvate
acetyl coA
Acetoaceytl CoA
Succinyl CoA
Fumerate
Oxaloacetate

Question 24

Where does glutamate transer its amine group?

Answer 24

pyruvate

Question 25

what is formed when glutamate transfers its amine group?

Answer 25

Alpha ketoglutarate and alanine

Question 26

Alanine Aminotransferase

Answer 26

catalyzes the conversion of glutamate and pyruvate to alpha ketoglutarate and alanine

Question 27

Glutamine Synthetase

Answer 27

Glutamate reacts with ammonia group (and ATP) to form Glutamine +ADP + Pi + H+

Question 28

how many glucogenic amino acids are there?

Answer 28

14

Question 29

how many ketogenic amino acids are there? what are they?

Answer 29

2 (leucine, lysine)

Question 30

how many glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids are there? what are they?

Answer 30

4 (isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine)

Question 31

What does the Urea Cycle begin with?

Answer 31

carbamoyl phosphate

Question 32

What is Carbamoyl phosphate

Answer 32

Compound of high phosphoryl transfer potential formed by combining ammonia, bicarbonate and a phosphoryl group

Question 33

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase

Answer 33

Enzyme responsible for the formation of carbamoyl phosphate

Question 34

how many ATP are expended in the formation of carbamoyl phosphate?

Answer 34

2

Question 35

What is the only amino acid to donate an amine group in the urea cycle?

Answer 35

Aspartate