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SES 626-Metabolism > Exam 1 Review Questions > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of ATP

A

3 phosphoryl groups
Nitrogenous adenine base
Ribose

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2
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

in any physical or chemical change, the total amount of energy in the universe remains constant though its form may change.

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3
Q

Delta G ^; for a biosynthetic anabolic reaction?

A

positive

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4
Q

DeltaG>0

A

Not favorable, not spontaneous, will not happen on its own, endergonic

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5
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

in all natural processes, the entropy of the universe increases.

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6
Q

Exergonic

A

Favored, spontaneous, will happen on its own, energy released

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7
Q

Delta S

A

Entropy change, randomness or disorder in a system

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8
Q

What does each letter represent?

A

A. Vmax
B. 1/2 Vmax
C. Michaelis Constant
D. Substrate Concentration

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9
Q

What does each letter represent?

A

A. No effector
B. Positive effector
C. negative effector
D.1/2 Vmax
E. Michaelis Constant A
F. Michaelis Constant B
G. Michaelis Constant C

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10
Q

Q10 Effect

A

Enzyme activity increases as temperature increases (obviously not the point of denaturation)

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11
Q

What type of enzyme kinetics are represented by this graph?

A

Allosteric

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12
Q

Km

A

Michaelis Constant: equals the substrate concentration corresponding to half-maximal rate

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13
Q

Characteristics of reversible reactions

A

Product becomes substrate for reverse reaction

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14
Q

Types of Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

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15
Q

Monosaccharides

A

3-7 Carbon
Triose (3)
Tetrose (4)
Pentose (5)
Hexose (6)
Heptose (7)
examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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16
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two sugar molecules
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

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17
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Two to ten sugar molecules
Raffinose
Stachyose

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18
Q

Polysacchardies

A

Ten or more sugar molecules
starch
glycogen
cellulose

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19
Q

Fatty acid

A

poorly soluble in water
long carbon chains (12-26)

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20
Q

metabolite concentrations following short duration high-intensity exercise

A

Increase in AMP
decrease in PCr
decrease in glycogen
decrease in ATP

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21
Q

CK-MM

A

Isoform of Creatine Kinase found in high concentrations in skeletal muscle

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22
Q

Trioses

A

3 C sugar
Smallest: Glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone

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23
Q

Glyceraldehyde

A

Aldose
one of two smallest monosaccharides
Isomeric C3H6O3 (like dihydroxyacetone)

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24
Q

Dihydroxyacetone

A

Ketose
One of two smallest monosaccharides
Isomeric C3H6O3 (like glyceraldehyde)

25
Q

Ketose

A

carbonyl anywhere except end of carbon chain

26
Q

Aldose

A

Carbonyl group at end of carbon chain

27
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the following reaction?

  ATP + Cr ⇆ ADP + PCr + H+
A

Creatine Kinase

28
Q

These organic acids are poorly soluble in water and contain relatively long numbers carbon (i.e., 12-26).

A

Fatty acid

29
Q

Effects of short duration high intensity exercise

A

Substantial decrease in CrP (pcr)

30
Q

ATPase

A

Enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of ATP

31
Q

PCr Shuttle

A

Mitochondria to Cytosol

32
Q

What is free energy change?

A

Delta G:The maximum energy available from a reaction or process that can be harnessed to do something useful

33
Q

Primary examples of energy usage

A

Muscle Contraction
Active transport
biosynthesis

34
Q

Delta G naught

A

Standard free energy change: free energy change of the reaction when the concentration of every participating substance in the solution is 1mol*L-1 (standard state)

35
Q

Exergonic

A

Free energy released
Delta G is negative
Proceeds by itself
Favored

36
Q

Endergonic

A

Cannot occur spontaneously
Positive value
NOT favored

37
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water

38
Q

Where can ATP be hydrolyzed?

A

Phosphoanhydride linkages between Beta and Y (most common) and Alpha and Beta (less common)

39
Q

ATP Hydrolysis (Alpha Beta)

A

Less common
yields AMP and PPi (inorganic pyrophosphate)

40
Q

ATP Hydrolysis (Beta and Y)

A

ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate)

41
Q

CK Reaction

A

PCr+ADP+H+ <CK> ATP + Cr
Anaerobic Alactic
Does not require 02
Does not generate lactate</CK>

42
Q

Lactate Dehydrogenase

A

Oxidoreductase enzyme
Pyruvate to Lactate
NAD+ to NADH
Reversible

43
Q

Dehydrogenase enzyme

A

transfers a hydride from one molecule to another

44
Q

Order of Glycolytic Enzymes

A

Hexokinase
phosphofructomutase
phosphofructokinase
Aldolase
(Triosephosphateisomerase)
Triosephosphate dehydrogenase
Phosophoglycerokinase
Phosphoglyceromutase
Enolase
Pyruvate kinase

45
Q

Hexokinase

A

Glucose

46
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

ATP formation involving transfer of a phosphate from a donor molecule to ADP to form ATP.
e.g. phosphoenolpyruvate donates a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

47
Q

Oxidation Reaction

A

OIL RIG
Loss of electrons

48
Q

Reduction reaction

A

OIL RIG
gain of electrons

49
Q

How many molecules of ATP are synthesized from ADP via glycolysis of a single molecule of glucose?

A

4

50
Q

True or False: Glycolysis occurs in both anaerobic and aerobic organisms

A

True

51
Q

In the redox reaction: pyruvate + NADH + H+ ⇋ lactate + NAD+, which reactant is oxidized, and which is reduced?

A

Pyruvate is reduced and NADH is oxidized

52
Q

The in vitro conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate― glucose + P_iP
i
​
P, start subscript, i, end subscript ⇋ G-6-P + H_2OH
2
​
OH, start subscript, 2, end subscript, O― is highly endergonic, though in the setting of glycolysis proceeds in a spontaneous and irreversible fashion. How is this achieved?

A

Through coupled ATP hydrolysis reactions

53
Q

Which glycolytic reaction cannot be directly reversed in gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucose → glucose-6-phosphate

54
Q

Kinase Enzymes

A

Transfer phosphoryl groups
usually involve ATP

55
Q

PFK

A

Phosphofructokinase-Key enzyme in regulating glycolosis, rate limitor
Fructose 6 phosphate to Fructose 1 6 Biphosphate

56
Q

GLUT 1

A

Transmembrane protein responsible for transport of glucose into cell

57
Q

GLUT 2

A

Beta cells of pancreatic islets and hepatocytes

58
Q

GLUT 3

A

Low Km for glucose, transports glucose into brain cells

SES 626-Metabolism (14 decks)

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