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Science for Medicine > Lipids 1-3 > Flashcards

Lipids 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 5 lipid classes

A 
Phospholipid 
Steroids
Fatty Acids
Glycolipid
Triacylglycerol
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2
Q

What kind of fatty acid has a double bond and what does this do to its shape ?

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

Kinks the hydrocarbon chain

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3
Q

What kind of essential fatty acids do we get from plants ?

A

Linoleic fatty acids

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4
Q

Name three properties of Triacylglycerol lipids

A

1: Insoluble in water
2: Used as energy or storage
3: Esters of FA and Glycerol

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5
Q

Phospholipids are amphipathic, what does this mean ?

A

They have both a hydrophillic and a hydrophillic aspect

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6
Q

What is the main site of digestion within the body ?

A

The small intestine

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7
Q

What breaks down lipids in the small intestine ? and what is this emulsified by ?

A

Lipases

Bile salts

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8
Q

Name 3 properties of bile salts

A

1: Act as detergent
2: Saves lipids coalescing in an aqueous environment
3: Derivatives of cholesterol

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9
Q

TAG is degraded by ____ into ____ and ____

A

Lipases
FA
Glycerol

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10
Q

How are the products of lipid digestion taken up by the intestinal cells in the wall of the intestine ?

A

They form mixed micelles and diffuse across the lining of the intestine (This is not true for short and medium chain FA only long chain)

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11
Q

What is Steatorrhea ?

A

Excess fat in the feces due to lack of lipid absorption

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12
Q

What happens to the insoluble fats (TAG) ?

A

They are packaged up as chylomicrons and exocitosed into the lymph then the blood an then transported to the tissues

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13
Q

What breaks down TAG when it reaches the peripheral tissues ?

A

Lipoprotein lipase

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14
Q

What is TAG broke down into within the cell ?

A

Glycerol and free FA

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15
Q

How is TAG stored within the cells ?

A

Within adipose as droplets

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16
Q

Once TAG has been stored within the adipose how is it then extracted ?

A

Hormone sensitive lipase

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17
Q

How are free FA transported within the blood stream ?

A

Serum albumin

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18
Q

What is the structure of a lipoprotein ?

A

Hydrophobic center and hydrophillic outside

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19
Q

What are the classes of lipoprotein in order of Smallest to Largest ?

A

Chylomicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL

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20
Q

What kind of lipoprotein is high in cholesterol and will cause atherosclerosis ?

A

LDL

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21
Q

What is Beta Oxidation ?

A

The breakdown of FA in mitochondria in order to generate Acetyl CoA which then enters the CAC

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22
Q

What has to happen in order to release the stored FA in TAG in the adipose tissue ?

A

Beta Oxidation

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23
Q

How many carbons does Beta oxidation degreade FA by ?

Study These Flashcards
A

2 carbons at a time

24
Q

What are he 3 stages of Beta Oxidation ? and where do they occur ?

Study These Flashcards
A

1: Activation (in cytosol)
2: Transport (Into the mitochondria)
3: Degradation (Has 4 steps and occurs in the mitochondrial matrix)

25
How is the FA transported into the mitochondrial matrix ?
Carnitine shuttle
26
What is added to Carnitine in order for it to be transported across the mitochondrial membrane ?
Malonyl CoA | Which gives us Aceyl carnitine
27
What are the three steps of FA degredation (Beta Oxidation) ? what does this generate ? how much ?
1: Dehydrogenation 2: Hydration 3: Dehydrogentation 4: Thiolysis Generates energy, 129 ATP !
28
Why cant animals turn FA straight into Glucose ?
Due to thermodynamically irreversible pyruvate to acetyl CoA step
29
How are ketone bodies generated ?
During starvation low glucose generates excess acetyl CoA from fatty acid metabolism is converted into ketone bodies.
30
What are ketone bodies ?
Water soluble carriers of Acetyl CoA
31
Where are ketone bodies made ?
The Liver
32
What parts of the body use Ketone bodies as an energy source ?
Cardiac and skeletal muscle
33
FA degradation and FA synthesis occur at the same time , true or false ?
False, they do not occur at the same time.
34
Where does FA degradation occur ?
Mitochondrial matrix
35
Where does FA synthesis occur ?
Cytosol
36
Which, degradation or synthesis uses an enzyme complex ?
Synthesis
37
What is the process of FA degradation ?
Oxidation Hydration Oxidation Cleavage
38
What is the process of FA synthesis ?
Reduction Dehydration Reduction Condensation
39
Which organ does FA synthesis occur in ?
The liver
40
Where in the cell does FA synthesis occur ?
The cytosol
41
What occurs when citrate is high within the mitochondria ?
The citrate shuttle
42
What cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane ?
CoA
43
What part of Acetyl-CoA can cross the mitochondrial membrane ?
Acetyl part
44
What are the 2 enzymes required for FA synthesis ?
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase | Fatty Acid Synthase
45
What activates Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase ?
Insulin/Glucagon | Citrate
46
What deactivates Acetyle-CoA Carboxylase ?
Epinephrine | Palmitoyl CoA
47
How is Malonyl CoA formed ?
Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA is thermodynamically unfavorable therefore this reaction is coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP. CO2 is added to Acetyl CoA to form Malonyl CoA
48
Where is Malonyl CoA formed ?
In the Cytoplasm
49
What enzyme regulates the formation of Malonyl CoA from Acetyl CoA ?
Acetyl CoA carboxylase
50
What enzyme regulates the formation of Palmitic acid from Malonyl CoA ?
Fatty acid synthase
51
How many sub-units does FAS have ? what attaches to these subunits ?
2 | Malonyl and Acetyl groups
52
What are steroid hormones ?
Chemical substances that serve as chemical messengers in the body
53
Where is cholesterol made ?
The liver
54
What is the starting material for the synthesis of steroid hormones ?
Cholesterol
55
What are Eicasanoids ?
Derived from 20 carbon unsaturated FA
56
Name 3 pre-cursors of Eicasanoids
Prostaglandins Thromboxones Leukotrienes

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