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Science for Medicine > Nerves 1-5 > Flashcards

Nerves 1-5 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 lobes of thee brain ?

A

Frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital

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2
Q

The spinal cord is __ surrounded by ___ ?

A

Grey mater and white mater

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3
Q

What Glial cell maintains the homeostasis of the environment and surrounds blood vessels ?

A

Astrocytes

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4
Q

What glial cell poduces the blood brain barrier ?

A

Astrocytes

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5
Q

What glial cells act as hoovers ?

A

Microglia

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6
Q

What glial cells form myelin sheaths ?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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7
Q

How many cervical vertebrae ?

A

7

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8
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae ?

A

12

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9
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae ?

A

5

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10
Q

How many sacral vertebrae ?

A

5

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11
Q

What are the names for the grooves and the folds of the brain ?

A

Grooves: Sulcus
Folds: Gyrus

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12
Q

Where in the brain is the thalamus and the hypothalamus found ?

A

Diencephalon at the top of the brainstem

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13
Q

What are the three components of the top of the brain stem from superior to inferior ?

A

Mid brain
pons
Medulla Oblongata

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14
Q

What is the name for the mini brain found at the back of the cerebrum ?

A

Cerebellum

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15
Q

What kind of neuron detects things in the environment ?

A

Afferent neurons

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16
Q

What kind of neurons decide what to do with the info from the environment ?

A

Inter neurons

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17
Q

What kind of neurons send the signal to carry out the request ?

A

Efferent neurons

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18
Q

What part of the neuron receives information ?

A

Dendrites

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19
Q

Which part of the neuon triggers the action potential ?

A

Initial segment

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20
Q

Which part of the neuron sends the action potential ?

A

The axon

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21
Q

Which part of the neuron releases the neurotransmitter ?

A

Axon (pre-synaptic terminals)

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22
Q

Inter-neurons are found in the ____ nervous system

A

Central

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23
Q

Afferent and efferent neurons are found in the _____ nervous system

A

Peripheral

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24
Q

Describe the ionic basis of the resting membrane potential

A

The leaky potassium channels constantly leaking positive charge out of the cell is what maintains the cell’s -70mV charge

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25
What is the figure for resting membrane potential ?
-70mV
26
What does the resting membrane potential do ?
Keeps the cell ready to respond
27
Define the equilibrium potential
The membrane potential at which the concentration gradient is exactly equal and opposite to the concentration gradient
28
What equation deals with the equilibrium potential of single ion species ?
Nernst equation
29
What equation deals with the equilibrium potential of multiple ion species ?
Goldman equation
30
What does the nernst equation state that the RMP should be ?
-90mV
31
Why is the RMP closer to -70mV than -90mV ?
There are other leaky channels (Na, Cl and Ca)
32
Action potentials send signals over ___ distances
Long
33
What are four examples of graded potentials ?
1: Post synaptic potentials 2: Generator potentials 3: End-plate potentials 4: Pacemaker potentials
34
What kind of potential is found at a sensory receptor?
Generator potential
35
What kind of potential is found at a synapse ?
Post-synaptic potential
36
What kind of potential is found at the NMJ ?
End-plate potential
37
What kind of potential is found within pacemaker cells ?
Pacemaker potential
38
Graded potentials are useful over ___ distances
Short
39
Graded potentials are propogated/non-propogated ?
Non-propogated
40
What increases the amplitude of graded potentials ?
Increased signal stimulus
41
What kind of potential can both excite and inhibit a cell ?
Graded potential
42
How is a fast IPSP generated ?
By opening chlorine channels and hyperpolarising the cell (Cl into cell)
43
How are slow IPSPs generated ?
By opening more Potassium channels and making the inside of the cell more negative (K into cell)
44
How are fast EPSPs generated ?
By opening channels so that Na can enter the cell depolarising the cell
45
How are slow EPSPs generated ?
Closing Potassium channels and allowing a positive charge to build up in the cell
46
How are postsynaptic potentials produced ?
By a neurotransmitter binding to a ligand-gated channel
47
What is synaptic integration and what does this mean for graded potentials ?
Where many synapses (inhibitory and excitatory) synapse onto one neuron and can add up to inhibit or excite that neuron. Graded potentials can summate therefore this gives them a larger input meaning stronger potential which can reach threshold
48
In order for an action potential to happen it must reach a ____ , which is around ___mV
Threshold | 55mV
49
What is the rapid depolarizing phase of an action potential due to ?
Influx of Na ions into the cell
50
What is the rapid re-polarization phase of an action potential due to ?
rush of potassium out of the cell
51
Action potentials are encoded by their ____ where as graded potentials are encoded by their____
Frequency | Amplitude
52
Action potentials are mediated by what kind of ion channel ?
Voltage gated ion channel
53
What kind of potential has a refractory period and what kind doesn't ?
Action Potential: Refractory period | Graded potential: No refractory period
54
What forms myelin sheaths in the PNS ?
Schwann cells
55
What forms myelin sheaths in the CNS ?
Oligodendrocytes
56
The gaps in the myelin sheaths are called ?
Nodes of ranvier
57
What triggers the pre-synaptic voltage gated Ca channels to open ?
Action potential in the motor neuron
58
What kind of receptors does the Ach bind onto on the post synaptic cleft ? what does this generate ?
Nicotinic receptors | Local graded potential due to opening of Na and K ligand gated channels
59
What removes Ach from the synaptic cleft ?
Acetylcholinesterase
60
What is the mechanism of action of Tetrodotoxin ?
Blocks Na channels therefore blocks action potential generation
61
What is the mechanism of action of Joro spider toxin ?
Blocks Ca channel in pre-synaptic cleft therefore no Ach vesicles generated
62
What is the mechanism of action of Botulinum toxin ?
Blocks machinery that generates Ach vesicles so neurotransmitter not released
63
What is the mechanism of action of Curare ?
Blocks Ach receptors therefore no end-plate potential
64
What is the mechanism of action of Anticholinesterase ?
Stops the breakdown of Ach therefore increased transmission at NMJ
65
The synapses in the CNS have a range of post synaptic potentials, true or false ?
True | IPSPs and EPSPs fast and slow

Science for Medicine (18 decks)

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