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Biochemistry > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

Major dietary lipids

A

Triacylglycerol,
cholesterol
Phospholipids
Indian diet 20-30 g per day , western 2 or 3 times more

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2
Q

What is beta-oxidation

A

Fatty acids are rich in energy , energy is released when fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation .
*Oxidation and splitting of two carbon units occur at the beta-carbon atom .
* two carbon atoms are sequentially removed from carboxylic end of fatty acids

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3
Q

Preparation steps for beta oxidation

A
  1. Activation of fatty acids
  2. Role of carnitine
  3. Carnitine Acyl Transferase
  4. Translocase
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4
Q

What’s coenzyme A

A

Complex molecule containing B complex vitamin pantothenic acid and a molecule of beta mercapto ethanolamine, this SH group forms thioester bond in acyl CoA

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5
Q

The activation of fatty acids
Site
Enzyme

A

Activated to their CoA derivative
Takes place in cytoplasm
Enzyme is thiokinase or fatty acyl CoA synthetase
Three different enzymes (one each for short , medium , long chain FA)

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6
Q

In preparative step 1 ,small chain fatty acids may be activated by

A

Thiophorase enzyme, using succinyl CoA

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7
Q

What is carnitine and where is it synthesised

A

Beta hydroxy-gamma -trimethyl ammonium butyrate .
Synthesised from lysine and methionine in liver and kidney

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8
Q

Where does beta oxidation take place

A

Mitochondria

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9
Q

What is the role in carnitine in beta oxidation

A

Transporter involved in the transfer of fatty acids .
From cytoplasm to mitochondria becoz long chain fatty acyl CoA cannot pass thro inner mitochondrial membrane

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10
Q

What is the third preparative step

A

Enzyme carnitine acyl transferase-I (CAT-I) will transfer the fatty acyl group to the hydroxyl group of carnitine to form acyl carnitine.
Occurs on cytosolic side of inner mitochondrial membrane

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11
Q

What will carry the acyl carnitine across the membrane to the matrix of mitochondria

A

A protein translocase

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12
Q

Gastric lipase is secreted by what and activated by what

A

Secreted by chief cells
Stimulated by gastrin

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13
Q

Classification of glycolipids

A

Two types based on type of carbohydrate residues
1. Cerebrosides- contain glucose or galactose as residues
Kerasin, cerebron , nervon, oxynervon
2. Gangliosides xcontain complex oligosaccharides as carbohydrate residue
GM1 ,2 ,3 ,4

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14
Q

Chemical name of lecithin

A

Phosphatidyl choline

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15
Q

Lipoprotein involved in reverse cholesterol synthesis

A

LDL

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16
Q

Name two polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

Linoleic , alpha-linolenic acid
Arachidonic acid

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17
Q

Enzyme deficient in Niemann Pick disease

A

shingomyelinase

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18
Q

Site of oxidation of very long chain fatty acids

A

Peroxisomes

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19
Q

Name the rate limiting step in fatty acid synthesis

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A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

20
Q

Glucose -alanine cycle is also known as

21
Q

Hormonal regulation of gluconeogenesis

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A

Glucagon & Glucocorticoids increase gluconeogenesis.
Glucocorticoids induce synthesis of hepatic amino transferases ( substrate for gluconeogenesis)
$$$

22
Q

Glucogenic amino acids

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A

Alanine, glutamic acid ,aspartiic acid

23
Q

Rapaport Leubering cycle

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A

In erythrocytes

24
Q

Pasteur effect

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A

Under aerobic conditions, glycolysis is inhibited .
Inhibitory effect of oxygen on glycolysis is

25
Cori’s cycle or lactic acid cycle
*Process in which glucose is converted to lactate in the muscle , liver reconverts it into glucose . *actively contracting muscle , pyruvate reduced to lactic acid (accumulates in the muscle ) Prevent lactate accumulation, body utilizes Cori’s cycle *
26
Significance of Cori’s cycle
27
Define lipids
Heterogeneous group of compounds of biochemical importance that are insoluble in water . Freely soluble in non-polar organic solvents (benzene , chloroform, ether , hot Alcohol , acetone )
28
Site of beta-oxidation in tissues and in the cell
Tissue site : liver , muscle , renal cortex ,adrenal medulla , heart In cell : mitochondria
29
Energetic of beta oxidation
8 acetyl CoA * 10 = 80 ATP 7 FADH2 × 1.5 = 10.5 ATP 7 NADH × 2.5 = 17.5 ATP Gross total = 108 ATP Net yield = 108 minus 2=106 ATP
30
Steps in the beta oxidation
Fatty acyl CoA —-> alpha, beta unsaturated acyl CoA ——> beta hydroxy acyl CoA ——> beta keto acyl coA
31
Classification of lipids based on chemical nature
Simple lipids Compound lipids Derived lipids Lipids complexed to other compounds
32
The types and examples of non- phosphorylated lipids
1. Glycosphingolipids cerebrosides (ceramide monohexosides) Globosides ( ceramide oligosaccharides ) Gangliosides ( ceramide + oligosaccharides + n acetyl neuraminic acid ) 2. Sulfolipids or sulfatides Sulfated cerebrosides Globosides Gangliosides
33
Non- nitrogen containing phospholipids
Phosphatidylinositol Phosphatidylglycerol Diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin)
34
Clinical significance of PUFA
1. Linoleic and linolenic acids are 2. Called essential , not synthesized by the body , supplied in the diet 3. Arachidonic acid = precursor of prostaglandins. Ar.acid can be synthesized if essential fatty acid is supplied in diet 4. Penta-enoic acid in fish oils , great nutritional importance (omega 3 unsaturated fatty acid ) 5.eicosanoids (eicosa = 20) Derived from 20 C arachidonic acid . Poly-enoic FA . They are prostanoids (prostaglandins, prostacyclins , thromboxanes) And leukotrienes 6. UFA designated as Omega 3 family -linolenic acids Omega 6 - linoleic and arachidonic acids Omega 9 - oleic acid
35
Configuration of PUFA in naturally occurring lipids
Cis configuration
36
Clinical and epidemiological positive roles of omega 3 fatty acids
1. Infant development 2. Cancer 3. CV diseases 4. Mental illnesses- depression, ADHD , dementia 5. Pleiotropic effects - effects against inflammation, platelet aggregation, hypertension , hyperlipidemia Beneficial effects mediated through several distinct mech - including alteration in cell membrane composition and function , gene expression or eicosanoid production
37
Oils with large percentage of PUFA
safflower oil (79%) Sunflower oil (64%) Corn oil (62%) Fish oil (57%) Cotton seed oil (55%)
38
Oils with low % of PUFA
Coconut oil (2%) (SFA = 86%) Butter (5%) Ox (tallow ) 5% Palm oil (6%)
39
Saponification
1.Triacylglycerols hydrolyzed by alkali - process is known as . Products are glycerol and soaps 2. Saponification number -no.of milligrams of KOH required to saponify one gram of fat 3. Indication of mol.weight of fat . Inversely proportional to it 4.human fat = 194-198 Butter = 210-230 Coconut oil = 253 -262
40
Iodine number of fat
1.Defined as the number of grams of iodine taken up by 100 grams of fat . 2. Index of degree of unsaturation , directly proportional to the content of UFA 3. Higher the iodine , higher the degree of unsaturation 4. Of butter is 28 Sunflower oil 130
41
Mustard oil (rapeseed oil )contains
Erucic acid
42
Rancidity of fat
*Fats and oils tendency to become rancid * rancid it’s refers to appearance of unpleasant smell and taste for fats and oils *
43
Hydrolysis rancidity
44
Cephalin
*Phosphatidylethanolamine * differs from lecithin , N base ethanolamine instead of choline * found in bio membrane and possess amphipathic properties
45
Precursor of Prostaglandins And enzyme used for conversion And inhibitor
Arachidonic acid Enzyme : cyclo-oxygenase Inhibitor: aspirin
46
Two types of rancidity
Hydrolytic, oxidative
47
What is a prostaglandin
Example of derived lipid Metabolic regulator lipid Present in all tissues , but originally isolated from prostate tissue Most potent biologically active substance

Biochemistry (10 decks)

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