Lipids: Monogastric Function, Digestion And Absorption

Question 1

What are the four functions of lipids?

Answer 1

Energy source, cell membrane component, precursor for hormones, essential fatty acid source

Question 2

How many k/cals in lipids compared to carbs?

Answer 2

9 k/cals in lipids vs. 4 k/cals in carbs

Question 3

Why are lipids better for energy?

Answer 3

Because they have more hydrogen bound per carbon unit i.e. they’re more reduced

Question 4

Saturated fatty acids means what?

Answer 4

They have the maximum amount of hydrogens bound per C unit and no double bonds

Question 5

Unsaturated fatty acids means what?

Answer 5

They have double bonds in their structure

Question 6

The chain length increases the melting point what?

Answer 6

Increases as well

Question 7

Saturated fatty acids are in which state at room temperature?

Answer 7

Solid

Question 8

Unsaturated fatty acids are in which state at room temperature?

Answer 8

Liquid

Question 9

Do double bonds increase or decrease the melting point?

Answer 9

Decrease

Question 10

In omega nomenclature, you start numbering from which end of the chain?

Answer 10

From the methyl end

Question 11

In Delta nomenclature, you number from which end?

Answer 11

From the carboxyl end

Question 12

In which nomenclature system do you number all double bonds?

Answer 12

In the Delta system

Question 13

In terms of stability, unsaturated fatty acids undergo what?

Answer 13

Spoils because of oxidation?

Question 14

What is hydrogenation?

Answer 14

The addition of H atoms to double bonds in order to saturate them

Question 15

What are the two essential fatty acids that the body can’t make enough of and they are unsaturated?

Answer 15

Linolenic and linoleic acid

Question 16

Linolenic acid is an omega what?

Answer 16

3

Question 17

Linoleic acid is an omega what?

Answer 17

6

Question 18

What is the third essential fatty acid that is sometimes considered as such?

Answer 18

Arachidonic

Question 19

What is esterification?

Answer 19

When the carboxyl group of the fatty acid binds to glycerol through an ester bond

Question 20

What are the four types of lipids?

Answer 20

Triglycerides, glycolipids, galactolipids, and phospholipids

Question 21

Triglycerides are what?

Answer 21

The main lipid storage form in animal tissue, glycerol attached to three fatty acids

Question 22

Glycolipids are what?

Answer 22

Glycerol with two fatty acids and one sugar attached, a plasma membrane component

Question 23

Galactolipids are what?

Answer 23

Glycerol with two fatty acids and two galactose attached, reach in linolenic acid and found in forages

Question 24

Phospholipids are what?

Answer 24

A component of cell membrane structure and aid and transport and intracellular signaling

Question 25

What is specific to the lipid bilayer of phospholipids in animals?

Answer 25

Cholesterol

Question 26

Sterols are a type of lipid that has what type of structure?

Answer 26

Multi-ring

Question 27

Lipids are not soluble in?

Answer 27

Water

Question 28

Triglycerides are too big to be absorbed so they mix with what to be emulsified?

Answer 28

Bile

Question 29

In the mouth, what starts lipid digestion?

Answer 29

Lingual lipase

Question 30

In the stomach, what does lipid digestion?

Answer 30

Gastric lipase

Question 31

How are lipids emulsified in the stomach?

Answer 31

By churning

Question 32

In the small intestine, what acts on triglycerides to be broken into monoglyceride and fatty acids?

Answer 32

Pancreatic lipase

Question 33

The small intestine mixes bile salts to convert emulsions into what?

Answer 33

Micelles

Question 34

What is the molecule that Anchors pancreatic lipase to the triglyceride?

Answer 34

Pancreatic colipase

Question 35

Pancreatic colipase is activated by what molecule?

Answer 35

Trypsin

Question 36

What is the inactive form of pancreatic Colipase called?

Answer 36

Procolipase

Question 37

Where is bile made and stored?

Answer 37

Made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder except for horses

Question 38

What is the function of bile?

Answer 38

Fat emulsification

Question 39

What are two secretions essential for digestion of triglycerides?

Answer 39

Bile salts and pancreatic lipase

Question 40

What is the molecule that is absorbed into enterocytes?

Answer 40

Fatty acids and monoglycerols

Question 41

Molecule that releases those fatty acids and monoglycerides is called what?

Answer 41

Micelle

Question 42

How does the enterocyte bring back together that too fatty acids and one of glycerol inside?

Answer 42

By making a molecule with triglycerides proteins and cholesterol called a chylomicron

Question 43

Where do chylomicrons transports lipids to?

Answer 43

Liver

Question 44

What molecule stabilizes lipids for transport?

Answer 44

Apolipoproteins

Question 45

How are chylomicrons distributed evenly throughout the whole body?

Answer 45

they entered the aortic arch then enter arterial circulation