Principles Of Nutrition

Question 1

What are the 3 macronutrients found in feed?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

Question 2

What are the 4 steps for food processing in the body?

Answer 2

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

Question 3

What is dry matter (dm)?

Answer 3

The non -water component of feed; solids

Question 4

What is “as Fed” basis?

Answer 4

Nutrient values and percentages with water

Question 5

What does processing do?

Answer 5

Increase surface area and digestibility

Question 6

What is more important than any macronutrient?

Answer 6

Water

Question 7

How many grams in one pound?

Answer 7

454g

Question 8

How many pounds in 1 ton?

Answer 8

2.000

Question 9

How many pounds in 1 kg?

Answer 9

2.2

Question 10

How many liters in a gallon?

Answer 10

3.82 L

Question 11

If you have 28% fat in a dm basis, and 75% water, how fat is the feed in an af basis?

Answer 11

28% x 0.25 = 7% fat af

Question 12

If you have 18% crude protein and 85% dm in feed, how much is there of crude in protein a dm basis?

Answer 12

18/0.85= 21.2% cp on a dm basis.

Question 13

If you have 12.5% CP on an 85% dm basis, now much cp is there in an af basis?

Answer 13

12.5x0.86 = 11% cp in an af basis.

Question 14

14% cp in an af basis with 90% dm, how much cp% in an dm basis?

Answer 14

14/ 0.90 = 16% dm

Question 15

Feed with 86% dm, and you want to feed 20lbs. Of dm; how much would you need to feed?

Answer 15

20/0.86=23.25 lbs.

Question 16

35% ADF on a dm basis, 86% dm; how much ado is there on an af basis?

Answer 16

35x 0.86= 30% ADF on an af basis.

Question 17

Bag of feed= 50lbs. Af with 90% DM how much does feed weigh on a dm basis?

Answer 17

50x0.9= 45 lbs.

Question 18

What are the 2 types of fermentation?

Answer 18

Aerobic and anaerobic

Question 19

What portion of the plant can ruminants eat?

Answer 19

Entire plant(forages)

Question 20

What portion ot the plant can monogastrics, and feedlot beef eat?

Answer 20

Seeds (grains) , concentrates

Question 21

Plant cell walls are composed of?

Answer 21

Structural and non-structural carbohydrates

Question 22

Structural carbohydrates are composed of?

Answer 22

Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.

Question 23

Non- structural carbohydrates are composed of?

Answer 23

Proteins, sugars, starch, pectins, fats

Question 24

What part ot the cell wall is indigestible?

Answer 24

Structural carbohydrates

Question 25

What % of dm are organic feeds composed of?

Answer 25

95%; the rest is minerals (Cho)

Question 26

Feeds are classified into?

Answer 26

Concentrates and roughages / forages

Question 27

Concentrates have rich?

Answer 27

Energy

Question 28

When we are talking about ruminant feed, we are talking about?

Answer 28

Roughages

Question 29

Forages are...

Answer 29

Entire plant

Question 30

Forages are rich in?

Answer 30

Fibers

Question 31

Grains are

Answer 31

Highly digestible; concentrates

Question 32

Harvested plants are, divided into?

Answer 32

Grasses and legumes

Question 33

Plants require what to synthesize amino acids?

Answer 33

NH3, Ammonia

Question 34

Why are legumes high in protein?

Answer 34

Because of nodules with nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Question 35

What are the five major anatomical parts of plants?

Answer 35

Leaves, stems, inflorescence, Fruit, roots

Question 36

Which part of the plant is high in nutrients and in non-structural carbohydrates, and highly digestible?

Answer 36

Leaves

Question 37

What part ot the plant is less nutritious, has high content of structural carbs, and contains cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.

Answer 37

Stems

Question 38

What are the 2 parts of forage nutritive value?

Answer 38

Nutrient density and digestibility

Question 39

What is apparent digestibility?

Answer 39

A % based on dietary intake and feces output to estimate how digestible feed can be ( Dietary intake - feces output x 100 ) / dietary intake

Question 40

Why are feces brown?

Answer 40

Thrown out R BC and iron

Question 41

Factors that affect nutritive value

Answer 41

Maturity and leaf stem ratio

Question 42

Where is fiber located?

Answer 42

Leaves

Question 43

Where is the highest quality fiber?

Answer 43

At top of plants

Question 44

What are the 2 plants stressors? -

Answer 44

Temp and moisture deficit or excess

Question 45

Digestibility ____________with maturity

Answer 45

Decreases

Question 46

Lignification occurs from

Answer 46

Outside of cell wall to inside

Question 47

What are 3 quality attributes that can be compared in a nutritive value of feeds assessment?

Answer 47

Crude protein, fiber, and digestibilty

Question 48

What are the 2 types of nutritive value feed assessments?

Answer 48

Laboratory and Animal assessment

Question 49

The laboratory assessment can be

Answer 49

A chemical evaluation and an in vitro digestion

Question 50

What processes can be done to dm remains?

Answer 50

Burning or neutral detergent extraction.

Question 51

After neutral detergent extraction what 2 things are extracted?

Answer 51

Neutral detergent soluble and neutral detergent fiber

Question 52

NDS are the in solution what?

Answer 52

Protein, starch, pectins, fats.

Question 53

N DF contains What?

Answer 53

Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin

Question 54

The NDF recovers what part of the plant?

Answer 54

Major cell wall components, structural carbohydrates

Question 55

What can be done to the insoluble parts of the neutral detergent extraction to remove hemicellulose and fiber-bound protein from the solution?

Answer 55

Acid detergent extraction

Question 56

What is the soluble part of the acid detergent extraction called?

Answer 56

Acid detergent fiber (adf)

Question 57

If ADF is high thendigestibility is?

Answer 57

Low

Question 58

What does In vitro digestion measure?

Answer 58

Nutrient loss via Dacron bags

Question 59

What are the 3 trials in an Animal Assessment?

Answer 59

Digestion, Balance, and production

Question 60

What does the production trial record?

Answer 60

Efficiency to feed intake and specific nutrient intake