Ruminant Digestion

Question 1

What are the four compartments of the ruminant stomach?

Answer 1

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, Abomasum

Question 2

Where does digestion occur in the ruminant large intestine?

Answer 2

Colon

Question 3

What is the percent of total tract capacity of ruminants that is Fermentative?

Answer 3

83%

Question 4

What are the three herbivore classes?

Answer 4

Concentrate selectors, intermediate feeders, roughage grazers

Question 5

What are some advantages to ruminants?

Answer 5

Eat cellulose, detox plan substances, relieves of needing an external source of vitamin b

Question 6

What is saliva rich in?

Answer 6

Sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and phosphate

Question 7

What two components of saliva act as buffers in The rumen?

Answer 7

Phosphate and bicarbonate

Question 8

What is the enzyme in saliva that begins starch breakdown but is not present in ruminants?

Answer 8

Salivary amylase

Question 9

What enzyme is secreted by ruminant salivary glands?

Answer 9

Salivary lipase

Question 10

What is the name of the post prandial regurgitaron reflex of partially digested feed?

Answer 10

Rumination

Question 11

What can rumination do?

Answer 11

Allows physical breakdown, increases surface area, lowers ph

Question 12

What is The intermediate of the rumination process?

Answer 12

Glucose

Question 13

What is the removal of fermentation gases known as? Which gases?

Answer 13

Eractation removes CH4 and CO2

Question 14

What does reticulo-rumen distention stimulate?

Answer 14

Eructation

Question 15

What is the percentage of total tract capacity that is fermentative in ruminants?

Answer 15

83%

Question 16

The rumen is a big fermentation vat and storage filled with papillae. What are some things that happen and in what environment?

Answer 16

Physical mixing, VFA absorption and in an obligate anaerobic environment

Question 17

Metabolism of the rumen is through?

Answer 17

Microbial fermentation

Question 18

What is the center intermediate for microbial fermentation?

Answer 18

Glucose

Question 19

What enzyme digests starch?

Answer 19

Amylase

Question 20

Do ruminants have salivary amylase?

Answer 20

No

Question 21

What is the reticulum involved in?

Answer 21

Mixing and regurgitating, food bolus, collection of hardware

Question 22

Are there enzymes present in the reticulum?

Answer 22

Not from the host, but there are from the microbes

Question 23

The reticulum is characterized by what type of structure?

Answer 23

Honeycomb

Question 24

The omasum is characterized by what type of structure?

Answer 24

Muscular folds

Question 25

What happens in the omasum?

Answer 25

H20 and VFA absorption

Question 26

Why should VFA absorption occur in the omasum?

Answer 26

So they don't buffer the abomasum's ph

Question 27

Which of the 4 compartments of the ruminant stomach is the true stomach?

Answer 27

Abomasum

Question 28

What does the abomasum secrete?

Answer 28

Proteolytic enzymes, HCl, Pepsinogen, and rennin

Question 29

What happens to pH in the abomasum?

Answer 29

Decreases because of protein denaturing

Question 30

What happens to digestion if passing rate increases?

Answer 30

Digestion decreases

Question 31

What factors affect digestibility?

Answer 31

Plant maturity, type of microbes, feed processing

Question 32

The speed of undigested feed residue through the digestive tract is called?

Answer 32

Passage rate

Question 33

What does the passage rate depend on?

Answer 33

Particle size and density

Question 34

If feed intake increases, what happens to rate?

Answer 34

Increases as well

Question 35

What processes are always competing?

Answer 35

Digestion and passage rate

Question 36

What aspect of the rumen actually goes through with digestion of feedstuff?

Answer 36

Rumen microbes

Question 37

What type of fermentation mostly occurs in the rumen?

Answer 37

Anaerobic

Question 38

How many ATP molecules does glucose approximately have?

Answer 38

35-36

Question 39

How much ATP does the host actually get from glucose?

Answer 39

Approx. 31

Question 40

As the microbes use around 2-5 ATP molecules, what molecule they turn glucose into before they go into the VFAs?

Answer 40

Pyruvate

Question 41

What does pyruvate get converted into?

Answer 41

VFAs: acetic, propionic, butyric acid CO2, CH4, H2O and heat

Question 42

What type of microbes can we find in the rumen?

Answer 42

Cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, amylolytic, and proteolytic

Question 43

What type of acid do cellulolytic bacteria produce?

Answer 43

Acetic acid

Question 44

Propionic acid is the result of fermentation from what type of bacteria?

Answer 44

Amylolytic bacteria

Question 45

What other organism apart from bacteria is a key component in the rumen since if animals are deprived of them they don't do well?

Answer 45

Protozoa

Question 46

What organisms digest fiber in the rumen?

Answer 46

Fungi

Question 47

What's the end product of microbial fermentation of protein?

Answer 47

NH3

Question 48

What is the nitrogen source for cellulolytic bacteria used to growth and regeneration?

Answer 48

NH3

Question 49

What do ruminant hosts provide the microbes?

Answer 49

Heat, nutrition, buffered environment, waste removal

Question 50

What do microbes provide to the host?

Answer 50

Cellulose and hemicellulose digestion and VFA production

Question 51

Cellulases come from what to provide High quality protein, detox, and a source of b and C vitamins?

Answer 51

Microbes

Question 52

An increase in microbe efficiency can do what?

Answer 52

Increase amount of microbial protein available to host and reduce feed costs

Question 53

Ideal rumen fermentation means that...

Answer 53

There is rapid fiber digestion, optimal VFA ratio, and efficient microbes that grow rapidly and don't accumulate NH3 too much