Liver Structure and Function

Question 1

What is the 4 lobes of the liver

Answer 1

Right, left
Caudate
Quadrate

Question 2

What is found in the porta cava of the liver

Answer 2

Hepatic Portal vein 
Hepatic artery 
Lymphatic vesels 
Common hepatic duct 
Hepatic nerve

Question 3

Where is the porta cava located on the liver

Answer 3

At each corner of hexagonal lobule

Question 4

What two ducts form the cystic duct gong into the gallbladder

Answer 4

Bile duct and common hepatic duct

Question 5

What do the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct from together to from

Answer 5

major duodenal papilla (Sphincter of Oddi)

Question 6

What surround the bare area of the liver

Answer 6

Coronary ligament

Question 7

What covers the entire liver surface minus the bare area

Answer 7

Connective tissue capsule and visceral peritoneum

Question 8

Where does the blood vessels form the porta triad all drain

Answer 8

In the central vein that drain into the hepatic vein then the IVC

Question 9

What is the histological arrangement of the liver

Answer 9

A septa divided into hexagonal lobules

Question 10

where do all the hepatic cords surround

Answer 10

Central vein

Question 11

What is the hepatic cords composed of

Answer 11

Hepatocytes

Question 12

What is locates inbetween hepatic cords

Answer 12

Hepatic sinusoids - discontinuous capillaries

Question 13

What open channels lie between the hepatocytes of the liver cells

Answer 13

Bile canaliculus

Question 14

What is the Primary function of the hepatocyte cells

Answer 14

Produce and secrete bile

Question 15

Where is bile in the liver stored once its produced by the hepatocytes and before it travels in the hepatic ducts to the gall bladder

Answer 15

Stored in bile canaliculi

Question 16

What is the additional function of Liver hepatocytes

Answer 16

Nutrient Interconversion

Nutrient storage

detoxification

Question 17

What nutrients are stored in the liver

Answer 17

Glycogen 
Fat 
Vitamins 
Copper 
Iron

Question 18

What happens to the products of detoxification in the liver

Answer 18

Dumped into the cannaliculi, then transported via hepatic ducts into the lumen of the small intestine

Question 19

What is present in the hepatic artery

Answer 19

Oxygen rich nutrient depleted blood

Question 20

What is present in the hepatic portal vein

Answer 20

Oxygen depleted nutrient rich blood

Question 21

Where do the hepatic sinusoid drain into

Answer 21

The central vein

Question 22

Where does the cannaliculi drain into

Answer 22

The hepatic ducts

Question 23

What is the 6 components of bile

Answer 23

(1) Bile acids
(2) Lecithin
(3) Cholesterol
(4) Bile Pigments Bilirubin
(5) Toxic Metals (Detoxified in liver)
(6) Bicarbonate

Question 24

What is bile acid synthesised from

Answer 24

Cholesterol

Question 25

How is Bile acids solubility increases

Answer 25

Conjugated with an amino acid e.g. glycerine or taurine = bile salts

Question 26

What is the pathway of bile after being synthesised in the liver

Answer 26

bile synthesised travels down hepatic duct, stored in gall bladder, then when needed travels down common bile duct into small intestine to far end of illieum, taken back up into blood stream through the hepatic portal vein then back into the liver

Question 27

How is bile pigments bilirubin synthesised

Answer 27

From breakdown product of Haemoglobin from old damaged erythrocytes

Question 28

What is the only component of bile that is not synthesed by hepatocytes

Answer 28

Bicarbonate, secreted from duct cells

Question 29

What 3 components of bile are synthesised in the liver

Answer 29

Bile acid Lecithin Cholesterol

Question 30

How is yellow bile formed

Answer 30

as Bilirubin (predominant bile pigment) - extracted from blood by hepatocytes and secreted into bile

Question 31

What happens whenBilirubin modified by bacterial enzymes

Answer 31

Forms brown pigments = brown faeces

Question 32

What happens when bilirubin is excreted in urine

Answer 32

Form yellow urine

Question 33

What happens to bile acids before they are secreted

Answer 33

Conjugated with glycine or taurine forming bile salts

Question 34

Through what circulation is bile salts recycled

Answer 34

Enteroheaptic circulaiton

Question 35

Where is the gallbladder located on the liver

Answer 35

On the inferior surface

Question 36

What is the 3 layers of the gallbladder

Answer 36

Mucosa - ruggae Muscualris _ smooth muscle Serosa - connective tissue

Question 37

What is the pathway of the contents of the gallbladder

Answer 37

Move out into cystic duct then into common bile duct

Question 38

What does the spinchter of Oddi control the release of

Answer 38

Controls release of bile and pancreatic juice into duodenum

Question 39

What happens to bile in the gallbladder

Answer 39

Bile becomes 5-20 times more concentrated by absorbing sodium creating an osmotic force so water is pulled into the gallbladder

Question 40

What is the purpose of a more concentrated bile

Answer 40

Can digest fat quicker

Question 41

What hormone controls the release of bile

Answer 41

Cholecystokinin

Question 42

What is the affect of Cholecystokinin on the gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi

Answer 42

Sphincter of oddi relaxes and gallbladder contracts | discharging bile into the duodenum

Question 43

What hormone controls the process of digestion

Answer 43

Cholecystokinin

Question 44

What hormones controls the process of neutralisation

Answer 44

Secretin