LO 6

Question 1

What are the 6 major bones of the skull?

Answer 1

1. Occipital bone
2. Parietal bone
3. Temporal bone
4. Frontal bone
5. Sphenoid bone (near eye socket, connects to temporal and parietal bone)
6. Ethmoid bone (square bone at the root of the nose- olfactory nerve passes through here)

Question 2

What are the divisions of the spine, and how many bones does each division have?

Answer 2

1. Cervical - 7
2. Thoracic - 12
3. Lumbar - 5
4. Sacrum - 1
5. Coccyx (tailbone) - 1

Question 3

What is the purpose of the curvature of the spine?

Answer 3

It gives strength to support body, allowing us to stand and walk

Question 4

Describe the vertebral column

Answer 4

1. Made up of individual vertebrae
2. Stacked in such a way to give the spine flexibility and strength
3. The various parts of the vertebrae play an important role in controlling the movement of the spine

Question 5

Describe the thorax

Answer 5

1. 12 pairs of ribs
2. Sternum (breast bone) - manubrium (superior portion), xiphoid process (piece of cartilage at lower end)
3. Thoracic vertebrae (thorax/chest) - 12 in total; ribs attached to them

Question 6

What two sections compose the sternum?

Answer 6

1. Manubrium - superior portion
2. Xiphoid process- piece of cartilage at lower end

Question 7

Each pair of ribs attach posteriorly to a ______, all except the lower 2 pairs also attach anteriorly to ______ by ______

Answer 7

1. Thoracic vertebrae
2. The sternum
3. Costal cartilage

Question 8

What is unique about the 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs of ribs?

Answer 8

They attach to the cartilage of the 7th ribs, they are the “false ribs”

Question 9

What is unique about the 11th and 12th pairs of ribs?

Answer 9

They don’t attach to any costal cartilage, they are the “floating ribs”

Question 10

Describe the hyoid bone

Answer 10

1. Horseshoe shaped bone in the interior midline of the neck
2. Used in tongue movement and swallowing
3. Attached to the muscles of the tongue and the floor of the mouth

Question 11

What are the major parts of the upper extremity of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 11

1. Shoulder/pectoral girdle
2. Arms
3. Wrists
4. Hands

Question 12

What are the major parts of the lower extremity of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 12

1. Hips
2. Pelvic girdles
3. Legs
4. Ankles
5. Feet

Question 13

The shoulder is also known as the _____

Answer 13

Pectoral girdle

Question 14

The ______ is an arm bone that runs from shoulder to elbow

Answer 14

Humerus

Question 15

The 2 bones running from elbow to wrist

Answer 15

Radius and ulna (radius is the bigger one, ulna is smaller)

Question 16

What are the 2 major bones of the wrists and palms and how many of each are there?

Answer 16

1. Carpal - 8
2. Metacarpal - 5

Question 17

How many phalangy (finger) bones are there?

Answer 17

14

Question 18

Why do our hands have such great dexterity?

Answer 18

Because our wrists and hands have more bones in them for their size than any other part of our body

Question 19

Describe the pectoral girdle and what is included

Answer 19

1. Shoulder -
   
   1. Scapula (shoulder blade)
   2. Clavicle (collar bone - commonly fractures)
2. Connects upper extremity to axial skeleton
3. Point of connection - sternoclavicular joint

Question 20

Describe the humerus

Answer 20

1. It is the long bone of the arm and the second longest bone in the body
2. It is held in place at the scapula by the rotator cuff

Question 21

Describe the radius and ulna

Answer 21

1. They are the forearm bones between the elbow and wrist
2. Their anatomical positions are that the radius is lateral and the ulna is medial

Question 22

Describe the elbow joint

Answer 22

1. Bony process of ulna (olecranon ) fits into big ‘crater’ (olecranon fossa) on posterior of humerus

Question 23

Describe the pelvic girdle

Answer 23

1. Also known as the hips
2. There are two pelvic (coxal) bones
3. Also contains sacrum and coccyx
4. It is a strong base to support the torso and connect lower extremities to the axial skeleton

Question 24

Describe the femur

Answer 24

1. Is the thigh bone
2. Longest bone in the body
3. Runs hip to knee
4. Head joins hip at acetabulum
5. Distal end joins with tibia and fibula at knee

Question 25

Describe the tibia

Answer 25

1. Shin bone
2. Sharp edge along front lower leg

Question 26

Describe the fibula

Answer 26

1. Very delicate
2. Doesn’t bear weight
3. Lateral bone in lower leg

Question 27

Describe the tarsals

Answer 27

1. Seven bone that make up the heel, back of the foot, ankle
2. The calcaneus (heel bone) is the largest one

Question 28

Describe the metatarsals

Answer 28

1. 5 bones that make up the middle of the foot
2. The toes attach to them

Question 29

Describe the phalanges

Answer 29

1. 14 bones that make up the toes
2. Compact bone
3. Provide strong and springy base for the body

Question 30

Describe some of the differences between male and female skeletons

Answer 30

1. The male skeleton is larger, but other differences are primarily related to the structure of the pelvis
2. Female pelvis is designed to carry and deliver baby - it is broad and shallow
3. The male pelvis is deep and narrow
4. Size of the pelvic inlet and outlet - generally wider and females, normally large enough for a baby’s head to pass through
5. Pubic angle - angle between pubic bones generally wider in females

Question 31

What is true of every bone in the body except the hyoid bone?

Answer 31

They all connect to at least one other bone at a joint

Question 32

What are the three types of joints?

Answer 32

1. Synarthrosis - no movement
2. Amphiarthrosis-sleep movement
3. Diarthrosis - free movement

Question 33

Arthro means _______

Answer 33

Joint

Question 34

The prefix “syn” means _____

Answer 34

Joined/together

Question 35

The prefix “amphi” means ______

Answer 35

On both sides

Question 36

The prefix “di” means ______

Answer 36

Two

Question 37

Describe synarthrosis joints

Answer 37

1. There is no movement
2. Fibrous connective tissue grows between articulating bones holding them close together (e.g. sutures of the skull)

Question 38

Describe amphiarthrosis joints

Answer 38

1. These joints have slight movement
2. Cartilage connects articulating bones (e.g. symphysis pubis; joints between vertebrae)

Question 39

Describe diarthrosis joints

Answer 39

1. Free movement- these are most joints
2. Structure - joint capsule, ligaments, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, joint cavity

Question 40

Describe the joint capsule of direthrosis joints

Answer 40

1. Made of tough, strong fibrous connective tissue
2. Lined with synovial membrane
3. Capsule fits over the end of the two joining bones
4. Firmly attached to the shaft of each bone at the periosteum
5. Provides very secure attachment while allowing movement at joint

Question 41

Describe ligaments

Answer 41

1. Bands made of tough, fibrous connective tissue
2. Originate from the periosteum
3. Attach bones together

Question 42

Describe articular cartilage

Answer 42

1. Smooth/rubbery
2. Covers ends of bones at joints
3. Decreases friction
4. Absorbs jolts - like jumping from a great height

Question 43

Describe the synovial membrane

Answer 43

1. Lines joint capsule
2. Secretes lubricating fluid - synovial fluid
3. Facilitates movement

Question 44

What are the six types of diarthrotic joints

Answer 44

1. Ball and socket - allows widest range of movement (e.g.shoulder and hip)
2. Hinge - allows flexion and extension (e.g elbows, knees, fingers)
3. Pivot - allows rotation (e.g. cervical ‘neck’ vertebrae)
4. Saddle - only one pair ‘opposing thumb’ excellent range of motion
5. Gliding - allows gliding motion only (e.g. between vertebrae)
6. Condyloid - flexion/extension, adduction/abduction e.g. wrist, fingers