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Unit 4 > Lo4 > Flashcards

Lo4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the periosteum

A

The outer surface of bone

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2
Q

Structure of periosteum

A

Thin fence membrane

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3
Q

What is the compact bone


A

Next layer
Smooth and hard

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4
Q

What is the compact bone made up of

A

Collagen
Calcium phosphate

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5
Q

What is the spongy bone

A

Next layer looks a bit like a sponge
Very strong

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6
Q

What is bone marrow

A

Innermost part of the bone
Like a thick jelly

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7
Q

What is the job of bone marrow

A

Make blood cells
Where stem cells are found

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8
Q

What is the cartilage

A

Protective layer that covers the end of bones

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9
Q

Other components of bones

A

Collagen
Chondrin
Osteoblasts

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10
Q

What do osteoblast do

A

Promote the activity of the cells

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11
Q

What is the Haversian canal

A

Central hole containing blood vessels and nerves

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12
Q

What are osteocytes

A

Bone cells

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13
Q

What are lamellae

A

Layers of hard bone

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14
Q

What are canaliculli

A

Tiny channels containing cytoplasmic extensions of the osteocytes

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15
Q

What is a joint

A

Attaches two bones together to allow movement

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16
Q

What are the 5 types of joints

A

Ball and socket
Pivot
Hinge
Sliding
Sadie
Fixed

17
Q

What is a muscle

A

Contact and relax in pairs to move joints

18
Q

What is a tendon

A

Ties the muscle to the bone

19
Q

What are bones

A

Make up our skeleton

20
Q

What is a ligament

A

Ties the individual bones of a joint together

21
Q

What is a synovial capsule

A

The capsule that surrounds the joint between two bones

22
Q

What is the synovial fluid

A

Liquid found inside the capsule that lubricates the joint to make it move smoothly

23
Q

What are antagonistic muscles

A

One muscle moves the joint in one direction and the other muscles moves the joint in the opposite direction

24
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

A condition that weakens bones, making them fragile, are more likely to break 

25
Q

Causes of osteoporosis

A

Decrease an osteoblast
Law peak, Bourne mass
Sedentary lifestyle
Lifestyle factors
Being female
Being of menopause age
Have coeliac disease
Anorexia
Other inflammatory conditions

26
Q

Effects of osteoporosis

A

Loss of bone density
Increased risk of fractures
Phone deformity
Stooped posture 

27
Q

Ways to reduce risk of osteoporosis

A

Reduce amount of alcohol consumed
Improve diet
Be more active outside
Get enough calcium
Improve lifestyle
Hormone replacement therapy

28
Q

What could the impact of osteoporosis be on someone’s life?

A

Depressed
Feel isolated
Vulnerable
Lack of Independence

29
Q

How could someone minimise the effects of osteoporosis?

A

Healthy diet
Take painkillers
Reduce trip hazards
Get eyesight, checked regularly
Reduce smoking
Reduce weight
Regular exercise

30
Q

monitoring osteoporosis

A

A clinical observation
Dexa scan
Blood tests

31
Q

Treatment for osteoporosis

A

Physiotherapy
Exercise
Physical activity outside
Dietary changes 

32
Q

What is osteo arthritis?

A

known as where in tear arthritis
Cartlidge surrounding your joints becoming damaged and Rubbing together

33
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

An autoimmune disease, where your body immune system produces antibodies which attack the synovial membrane line in the joints 

34
Q

Symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

A

Pain
Stiffness
Tiredness
Weakness and muscle wasting
Inflammation around the joints
Joints feel hot to touch
Limited range of movement
Joints appear larger, or more knobbly than usual

35
Q

Monitoring osteoarthritis

A

Clinical observation to measure the level of inflammation
X-rays

36
Q

Monitoring rheumatoid arthritis

A

Clinical observation to look at the level of inflammation
X-rays to allow joints to be examined more closely
Blood tests to measure the amount of rheumatoid factor antibodies

37
Q

Treatment for osteo arthritis

A

Painkillers like ibuprofen, morphine
Steroid injections
Physiotherapy
Adaptations like stair lifts
Gentle exercise

38
Q

Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis

A

Painkillers, like ibuprofen and morphine
Steroid injections
Physiotherapy
Adaptations like stair lifts
Gentle exercise
Biological treatment
DMARDS medication

Unit 4 (6 decks)

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