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Unit 4 > Lo5 > Flashcards

Lo5 Flashcards

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1
Q

 Why is it important that we respond to environmental changes in coordinate behaviour?

A

So that the body can avoid danger, find food and find a mate

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2
Q

What protects our bodies from danger 

A

The detection of stimuli

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3
Q

What is stimuli made of by?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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4
Q

The brain is

A

Protected by our skull

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5
Q

The spinal cord is

A

Protected by our spine 

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6
Q

What are the two systems with in the central nervous system?

A

Voluntary
In voluntary 

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7
Q

The voluntary system has two types of peripheral nerves, and they are

A

Sensory neurons
Motoneurons

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8
Q

What does sensory neurons do?

A

Travelling over the spinal cord from the bodies receptors
Examples include the eyes, ears tastebuds skin and knows

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9
Q

What does motoneurons do?

A

Travel out of the spinal cord to the bodies of effectors
Examples of this is the muscles and glands

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10
Q

What is The in voluntary system also known as

A

Autonomic system

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11
Q

In voluntary system is made up of two nerves what are they

A

Sympathetic
parasympathetic

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12
Q

What does the sympathetic nerves do?

A

Prepares us for action by activate and functions needed for survival
Fight or flight

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13
Q

What does the parasympathetic nerve do?

A

It is an antagonist as it restores the body to its normal resting state 

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14
Q

What two organs make up the central nervous system

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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15
Q

What is the role of the central nervous system?

A

To transmit messages around the body as electrical impulses

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16
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in the environmen

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17
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Sensory organ which Detects change

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18
Q

What is a response?

A

Counteracts the effect of the stimulus 

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19
Q

What is an effector?

A

A muscle movement or a gland, which will release a hormone to generate a response

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20
Q

What is the structure of a neuron?

A

Dendrite
Nucleus
Axon
Nerve ending
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm

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21
Q

What is the role of dendrites?

A

To receive incoming impulses from other neurons

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22
Q

What is the function of an axon?

A

Connect neurons to different parts of the body
To carry electrical nerve impulses

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23
Q

What is the function of a long axon

A

Carry impulses around the body

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24
Q

What is the function of fatty insulation

A

Speed up nerve impulses

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25
What is the function of many dendrites?
Connect to other nerves
26
What are the three types of neurons?
Sensory neurons Relay neurons Motoneurons
27
What does sensory neurons do?
Carry information as electrical impulses from the Receptor in the sense organ to the central nervous system
28
What is the function of a relay neuron?
Carry electrical impulses from the sensory neuron to motoneurons
29
What is the function of a motor neuron?
To carry electrical impulses from the central nervous system to the effector
30
How does the central nervous system work
Stimulus Receptor Sensory neuron Central nervous system Motoneuron Effector 
31
What is a receptor?
They are cells that detect stimuli
32
What is a stimulus? 
A change in the environment, and it causes a response
33
How does the reflex response work
Stimulus Receptor Sensory neuron Central nervous system Motoneuron Effector Response
34
What does the brain do?
Send signals to the rest of the body and processes information
35
How does the brain work?
By using nerves and the spinal cord to make the central nervous system to send and receive signals all over the body
36
What are the functions of the brain?
Speech Memory Coordination Learning consciousness Homeostasis
37
What is the outside of the brain protected by?
Meninges
38
What is the cerebrum?
The largest part of the brain
39
What is the corpus callosum?
A bridge that joins the right and left cerebral hemispheres
40
What is the cerebral cortex responsible for
For conscious learning, memory and language
41
What is the cerebral cortex?
That out a few millimetres of each cerebral hemisphere
42
Where is the cerebellum?
Underneath the cerebral hemispheres at the back
43
What does the cerebellum do?
Coordinates movement and balance and muscle memory
44
What is the cerebellum affected by?
Alcohol
45
What does hypothalamus detect?
Changes in blood chemistry and temperature
46
What is hypothalamus involved in?
Homeostasis
47
What does the hypothalamus produce
Hormones
48
What are hormones do?
Coordinate sexual development, glucose and water regulation
49
What is the medulla?
Swollen area at the base of the brand, leading into the spinal cord
50
What is the function of the medulla
Control, swallowing heart rate, breathing rate
51
What is the pituitary gland?
The key part of the Endo crime system
52
What is the pituitary gland , also known as known as
Master gland
53
What is the function of the pituitary gland
To control the actions of other glands
54
What is the Endocrine system?
It is composed of plans, which secrete hormones directly into the blood
55
What does the pituitary gland help with?
Stimulate in the ovaries and testes Controls the growth in children Stimulates the thyroid gland
56
What does the thyroid gland produce?
Thyroxine which controls the rate of metabolism
57
What does the pancreas produce?
Insulin which controls blood sugar levels
58
What is the adrenal glands produce?
Adrenaline which prepares the body for rapid activity Fight or flight
59
What does the kidneys produce?
ADH
60
What does the ovaries produce?
Oestrogen which causes changes at puberty helps control the menstrual cycle FH LH
61
What does the testes produce?
Testosterone which causes the changes at puberty in stimulates sperm production
62
What is Multiple Sclerosis?
An autoimmune condition where the antibodies attack the myelin sheath in the brain and or spinal cord
63
Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis
Fatigue Difficulty walking Vision problems Problems controlling the bladder Numbness or tingling in different parts of the body Muscle stiffness and spasms Problems with balance and coordination Problems were thinking learning and planning
64
What can happen when inflammation goes away in multiple sclerosis
I can leave behind scarring, which can lead to permanent damage of the underlying nerves
65
How is Multiple Sclerosis diagnose and monitored
Neurologist examination MRI scan Evoked potential eye test Lumbar puncture Blood tests 
66
What will the neurological examination do
Have a neurologist look for any abnormalities, which will sure whether your nerves are damaged in a way that might suggest Multiple Sclerosis
67
What will the MRI to?
Produce detailed images of the inside of the body Which will sure whether there are any damage or score of the myelin sheath
68
How is Multiple Sclerosis treated?
Steroid medications Disease, modifying therapies Stem cell therapy Support from different healthcare professionals
69
Impact on daily life when you have multiple sclerosis
Eyesight gets worse Poor concentration Play memory in learning Unable to stand Unable to grip May become bedbound Loss of bladder and bowel control
70
What are the two types of strokes?
Ischemic stroke Haemorrhagic stroke
71
What is a ischemic stroke
The most common type of stroke It occurs when a blood clot blocks, the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain
72
Risk factors of ischaemic strokes
Smoking Hypertension Obesity High cholesterol levels Diabetes Excessive alcohol intake
73
Diagnosis of a ischaemic strokes
CT and MRI scan Blood tests Swallow tests Ultrasound Echocardiogram
74
Treatment of ischaemic strokes
Thrombolysis Thrombectomy Aspirin Anticoagulant Medicines to lower blood pressure Statins Carotid endarterectomy
75
What is a harmorrhagic stroke
They are less common Happens when the blood vessels inside the skull bursts and bleeds into and around the brain
76
Risk factors of haemorrhagic strokes
Being overweight Drinking, excessive amounts of alcohol Smoking A lack of exercise Stress
77
Treatments of haemorrhagic strokes
Low blood pressure medicines Surgery
78
Symptoms of a haemorrhagic stroke
Face drop Arm, weakness Speech difficulty
79
Effects of a stroke
Slurred speech Limited or loss of mobility
80
What is homeostasis
The maintenance of a constant internal environment
81
What are the two hormones that control blood sugar levels in negative feedback loop
Insulin Glucagon
82
What does insulin used for
To lower the blood glucose levels
83
What is glucagon used for
To raise blood sugar levels
84
What happens in the process of glucose levels increasing
Start at normal glucose level Glucose level increases Insulin is produced which causes glucose to be changed into glycogen Insulin stimulates excess glucose to convert it into fat Returns to normal glucose levels
85
What happens in the process where glucose levels are too low
Normal glucose level Glucose levels fall Glucagon released from the pancreas and converted to glycogen to glucose Glucagon stimulates amino acids to be converted to release glucose Returns normal glucose levels
86
What is glucagon
A hormone
87
What is an insoluble carbohydrate
Glycogen
88
What is produced by the pancreas
Insulin Glucagon
89
Is glucose soluble or insoluble
Soluble
90
What is stored in the liver and muscles
Glycogen
91
What is made by proteins
Glucagon
92
What is used for respiration
Glucose
93
What comes from good we eat
Glucose
94
What is a complex carbohydrate
Glycogen
95
What are diabetes
A condition where the blood glucose levels remain too high
96
There are two types of diabetes
Type 1 Type 2
97
Symptoms of diabetes
Blurred vision Feeling hungry at all time Feeling thirsty at all times Frequent urination Losing weight Poor healing or infections Feeling tired and weak Numbness or tingling in hands arms feet and legs Feeling nausea and vomiting
98
Who does type 1 diabetes effect
Children teenagers adults under 40
99
What causes type 1 diabetes
Infection of the pancreas Genetic links
100
How does type 1 diabetes work
Pancreas does not make enough insulin which leads to high levels of glucose in the blood
101
How is type 1 diabetes controlled and treated
Insulin injection Healthy diet Insulin pumps
102
Who does type 2 diabetes effect
Adult is normally over the age of 40
103
What are the causes of type 2 diabetes
Linked to poor diet or obesity Alpha cells stop releasing glucagon
104
How does type 2 diabetes work
The body no longer responds to its insulin
105
How is type 2 diabetes controlled and treated
Exercise Improve diet
106
Monitoring type 1 diabetes
Blood test Urine test Eye test
107
Care need for type 1 diabetes
Frequent check ups Eat a healthy balanced diet Exercise frequently
108
Care needs for type 2 diabetes
Annual check ups Lose weight Eat healthy Regular exercise
109
Hat can be damaged due to diabetes
Blood vessels Nerves Body organs like kidney
110
What happens when there is an increase in water levels in the blood
- normal water contents - increase in water content in blood - hypothalamus pituitary gland produce low levels of ADH -ADH carried via bloodstream to kidney - nephrons do not reabsorb water - kidneys release oxygen excess water into urine
111
What happens when there is a decrease in water content of the blood
The opposite to increase
112
Where does the feedback system take place
Islets of langerhans
113
Role of the liver
Make bile for digestion Store vitamins minerals and glucose Deamination Detoxification Break down and recycle red blood cells
114
What are possible malfunctions if the liver
Regeneration of the liver Cirrhosis of the liver Jaundice
115
What is cirrhosis
Scarring of the liver
116
Causes of cirrhosis
Continuous long term liver damage E.g continuous consumption of alcohol
117
Risks factors of cirrhosis
A build up of fat in the liver Certain inherited diseases Long term contact with drugs and poisons Heavy alcohol consumptions
118
Symptoms of cirrhosis
Fatigue Itchy sensation Swelling in lower legs Jaundice Easily bruised Floyd build up Development of blood vessels Infection Internal bleeding Unconsciousness Loss of appetite High blood pressure
119
Diagnosing cirrhosis
Ultra sound Ct scan MRI scan Liver biopsy Blood tests Endoscopy
120
Treatments of cirrhosis
Manage symptoms and complications Taking medication
121
Monitoring cirrhosis
Clinical visits to GP 6-12 months
122
Lifestyles changes of cirrhosis
Completely avoiding alcohol Losing weight Regular exercise Practising good hygiene Vaccination
123
Impacts of living with cirrhosis
Tiredness Jaundice Swelling Loss of independence Itchy skin Changes in diet Stop drinking

Unit 4 (6 decks)

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