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Unit 4 > Lo5 > Flashcards

Lo5 Flashcards

1
Q

 Why is it important that we respond to environmental changes in coordinate behaviour?

A

So that the body can avoid danger, find food and find a mate

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2
Q

What protects our bodies from danger 

A

The detection of stimuli

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3
Q

What is stimuli made of by?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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4
Q

The brain is

A

Protected by our skull

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5
Q

The spinal cord is

A

Protected by our spine 

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6
Q

What are the two systems with in the central nervous system?

A

Voluntary
In voluntary 

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7
Q

The voluntary system has two types of peripheral nerves, and they are

A

Sensory neurons
Motoneurons

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8
Q

What does sensory neurons do?

A

Travelling over the spinal cord from the bodies receptors
Examples include the eyes, ears tastebuds skin and knows

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9
Q

What does motoneurons do?

A

Travel out of the spinal cord to the bodies of effectors
Examples of this is the muscles and glands

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10
Q

What is The in voluntary system also known as

A

Autonomic system

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11
Q

In voluntary system is made up of two nerves what are they

A

Sympathetic
parasympathetic

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12
Q

What does the sympathetic nerves do?

A

Prepares us for action by activate and functions needed for survival
Fight or flight

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13
Q

What does the parasympathetic nerve do?

A

It is an antagonist as it restores the body to its normal resting state 

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14
Q

What two organs make up the central nervous system

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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15
Q

What is the role of the central nervous system?

A

To transmit messages around the body as electrical impulses

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16
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in the environmen

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17
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Sensory organ which Detects change

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18
Q

What is a response?

A

Counteracts the effect of the stimulus 

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19
Q

What is an effector?

A

A muscle movement or a gland, which will release a hormone to generate a response

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20
Q

What is the structure of a neuron?

A

Dendrite
Nucleus
Axon
Nerve ending
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm

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21
Q

What is the role of dendrites?

A

To receive incoming impulses from other neurons

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22
Q

What is the function of an axon?

A

Connect neurons to different parts of the body
To carry electrical nerve impulses

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23
Q

What is the function of a long axon

A

Carry impulses around the body

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24
Q

What is the function of fatty insulation

A

Speed up nerve impulses

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25
Q

What is the function of many dendrites?

A

Connect to other nerves

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26
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Sensory neurons
Relay neurons
Motoneurons

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27
Q

What does sensory neurons do?

A

Carry information as electrical impulses from the Receptor in the sense organ to the central nervous system

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28
Q

What is the function of a relay neuron?

A

Carry electrical impulses from the sensory neuron to motoneurons

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29
Q

What is the function of a motor neuron?

A

To carry electrical impulses from the central nervous system to the effector

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30
Q

How does the central nervous system work

A

Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Central nervous system
Motoneuron
Effector 

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31
Q

What is a receptor?

A

They are cells that detect stimuli

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32
Q

What is a stimulus? 

A

A change in the environment, and it causes a response

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33
Q

How does the reflex response work

A

Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Central nervous system
Motoneuron
Effector
Response

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34
Q

What does the brain do?

A

Send signals to the rest of the body and processes information

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35
Q

How does the brain work?

A

By using nerves and the spinal cord to make the central nervous system to send and receive signals all over the body

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36
Q

What are the functions of the brain?

A

Speech
Memory
Coordination
Learning
consciousness
Homeostasis

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37
Q

What is the outside of the brain protected by?

A

Meninges

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38
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

The largest part of the brain

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39
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

A bridge that joins the right and left cerebral hemispheres

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40
Q

What is the cerebral cortex responsible for

A

For conscious learning, memory and language

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41
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

That out a few millimetres of each cerebral hemisphere

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42
Q

Where is the cerebellum?

A

Underneath the cerebral hemispheres at the back

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43
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Coordinates movement and balance and muscle memory

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44
Q

What is the cerebellum affected by?

A

Alcohol

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45
Q

What does hypothalamus detect?

A

Changes in blood chemistry and temperature

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46
Q

What is hypothalamus involved in?

A

Homeostasis

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47
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce

A

Hormones

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48
Q

What are hormones do?

A

Coordinate sexual development, glucose and water regulation

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49
Q

What is the medulla?

A

Swollen area at the base of the brand, leading into the spinal cord

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50
Q

What is the function of the medulla

A

Control, swallowing heart rate, breathing rate

51
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

The key part of the Endo crime system

52
Q

What is the pituitary gland , also known as known as

A

Master gland

53
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland

A

To control the actions of other glands

54
Q

What is the Endocrine system?

A

It is composed of plans, which secrete hormones directly into the blood

55
Q

What does the pituitary gland help with?

A

Stimulate in the ovaries and testes
Controls the growth in children
Stimulates the thyroid gland

56
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroxine which controls the rate of metabolism

57
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin which controls blood sugar levels

58
Q

What is the adrenal glands produce?

A

Adrenaline which prepares the body for rapid activity
Fight or flight

59
Q

What does the kidneys produce?

A

ADH

60
Q

What does the ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen which causes changes at puberty helps control the menstrual cycle
FH
LH

61
Q

What does the testes produce?

A

Testosterone which causes the changes at puberty in stimulates sperm production

62
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A

An autoimmune condition where the antibodies attack the myelin sheath in the brain and or spinal cord

63
Q

Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

A

Fatigue
Difficulty walking
Vision problems
Problems controlling the bladder
Numbness or tingling in different parts of the body
Muscle stiffness and spasms
Problems with balance and coordination
Problems were thinking learning and planning

64
Q

What can happen when inflammation goes away in multiple sclerosis

A

I can leave behind scarring, which can lead to permanent damage of the underlying nerves

65
Q

How is Multiple Sclerosis diagnose and monitored

A

Neurologist examination
MRI scan
Evoked potential eye test
Lumbar puncture
Blood tests 

66
Q

What will the neurological examination do

A

Have a neurologist look for any abnormalities, which will sure whether your nerves are damaged in a way that might suggest Multiple Sclerosis

67
Q

What will the MRI to?

A

Produce detailed images of the inside of the body
Which will sure whether there are any damage or score of the myelin sheath

68
Q

How is Multiple Sclerosis treated?

A

Steroid medications
Disease, modifying therapies
Stem cell therapy
Support from different healthcare professionals

69
Q

Impact on daily life when you have multiple sclerosis

A

Eyesight gets worse
Poor concentration
Play memory in learning
Unable to stand
Unable to grip
May become bedbound
Loss of bladder and bowel control

70
Q

What are the two types of strokes?

A

Ischemic stroke
Haemorrhagic stroke

71
Q

What is a ischemic stroke

A

The most common type of stroke
It occurs when a blood clot blocks, the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain

72
Q

Risk factors of ischaemic strokes

A

Smoking
Hypertension
Obesity
High cholesterol levels
Diabetes
Excessive alcohol intake

73
Q

Diagnosis of a ischaemic strokes

A

CT and MRI scan
Blood tests
Swallow tests
Ultrasound
Echocardiogram

74
Q

Treatment of ischaemic strokes

A

Thrombolysis
Thrombectomy
Aspirin
Anticoagulant
Medicines to lower blood pressure
Statins
Carotid endarterectomy

75
Q

What is a harmorrhagic stroke

A

They are less common
Happens when the blood vessels inside the skull bursts and bleeds into and around the brain

76
Q

Risk factors of haemorrhagic strokes

A

Being overweight
Drinking, excessive amounts of alcohol
Smoking
A lack of exercise
Stress

77
Q

Treatments of haemorrhagic strokes

A

Low blood pressure medicines
Surgery

78
Q

Symptoms of a haemorrhagic stroke

A

Face drop
Arm, weakness
Speech difficulty

79
Q

Effects of a stroke

A

Slurred speech
Limited or loss of mobility

80
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

81
Q

What are the two hormones that control blood sugar levels in negative feedback loop

A

Insulin
Glucagon

82
Q

What does insulin used for

A

To lower the blood glucose levels

83
Q

What is glucagon used for

A

To raise blood sugar levels

84
Q

What happens in the process of glucose levels increasing

A

Start at normal glucose level
Glucose level increases
Insulin is produced which causes glucose to be changed into glycogen
Insulin stimulates excess glucose to convert it into fat
Returns to normal glucose levels

85
Q

What happens in the process where glucose levels are too low

A

Normal glucose level
Glucose levels fall
Glucagon released from the pancreas and converted to glycogen to glucose
Glucagon stimulates amino acids to be converted to release glucose
Returns normal glucose levels

86
Q

What is glucagon

A

A hormone

87
Q

What is an insoluble carbohydrate

A

Glycogen

88
Q

What is produced by the pancreas

A

Insulin
Glucagon

89
Q

Is glucose soluble or insoluble

A

Soluble

90
Q

What is stored in the liver and muscles

A

Glycogen

91
Q

What is made by proteins

A

Glucagon

92
Q

What is used for respiration

A

Glucose

93
Q

What comes from good we eat

A

Glucose

94
Q

What is a complex carbohydrate

A

Glycogen

95
Q

What are diabetes

A

A condition where the blood glucose levels remain too high

96
Q

There are two types of diabetes

A

Type 1
Type 2

97
Q

Symptoms of diabetes

A

Blurred vision
Feeling hungry at all time
Feeling thirsty at all times
Frequent urination
Losing weight
Poor healing or infections
Feeling tired and weak
Numbness or tingling in hands arms feet and legs
Feeling nausea and vomiting

98
Q

Who does type 1 diabetes effect

A

Children teenagers adults under 40

99
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes

A

Infection of the pancreas
Genetic links

100
Q

How does type 1 diabetes work

A

Pancreas does not make enough insulin which leads to high levels of glucose in the blood

101
Q

How is type 1 diabetes controlled and treated

A

Insulin injection
Healthy diet
Insulin pumps

102
Q

Who does type 2 diabetes effect

A

Adult is normally over the age of 40

103
Q

What are the causes of type 2 diabetes

A

Linked to poor diet or obesity
Alpha cells stop releasing glucagon

104
Q

How does type 2 diabetes work

A

The body no longer responds to its insulin

105
Q

How is type 2 diabetes controlled and treated

A

Exercise
Improve diet

106
Q

Monitoring type 1 diabetes

A

Blood test
Urine test
Eye test

107
Q

Care need for type 1 diabetes

A

Frequent check ups
Eat a healthy balanced diet
Exercise frequently

108
Q

Care needs for type 2 diabetes

A

Annual check ups
Lose weight
Eat healthy
Regular exercise

109
Q

Hat can be damaged due to diabetes

A

Blood vessels
Nerves
Body organs like kidney

110
Q

What happens when there is an increase in water levels in the blood

A
  • normal water contents
  • increase in water content in blood
  • hypothalamus pituitary gland produce low levels of ADH
    -ADH carried via bloodstream to kidney
  • nephrons do not reabsorb water
  • kidneys release oxygen excess water into urine
111
Q

What happens when there is a decrease in water content of the blood

A

The opposite to increase

112
Q

Where does the feedback system take place

A

Islets of langerhans

113
Q

Role of the liver

A

Make bile for digestion
Store vitamins minerals and glucose
Deamination
Detoxification
Break down and recycle red blood cells

114
Q

What are possible malfunctions if the liver

A

Regeneration of the liver
Cirrhosis of the liver
Jaundice

115
Q

What is cirrhosis

A

Scarring of the liver

116
Q

Causes of cirrhosis

A

Continuous long term liver damage
E.g continuous consumption of alcohol

117
Q

Risks factors of cirrhosis

A

A build up of fat in the liver
Certain inherited diseases
Long term contact with drugs and poisons
Heavy alcohol consumptions

118
Q

Symptoms of cirrhosis

A

Fatigue
Itchy sensation
Swelling in lower legs
Jaundice
Easily bruised
Floyd build up
Development of blood vessels
Infection
Internal bleeding
Unconsciousness
Loss of appetite
High blood pressure

119
Q

Diagnosing cirrhosis

A

Ultra sound
Ct scan
MRI scan
Liver biopsy
Blood tests
Endoscopy

120
Q

Treatments of cirrhosis

A

Manage symptoms and complications
Taking medication

121
Q

Monitoring cirrhosis

A

Clinical visits to GP 6-12 months

122
Q

Lifestyles changes of cirrhosis

A

Completely avoiding alcohol
Losing weight
Regular exercise
Practising good hygiene
Vaccination

123
Q

Impacts of living with cirrhosis

A

Tiredness
Jaundice
Swelling
Loss of independence
Itchy skin
Changes in diet
Stop drinking

Unit 4 (6 decks)

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