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French Wine Scholar 2024 > Loire > Flashcards

Loire Flashcards

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1
Q

What soil type is caillottes?

A

Pebbles of limestone-rich Portlandian marl

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2
Q

What is passerillage?

A

Passerillage is the technique of allowing grapes to wither and dry on the vine by pinching/twisting the stalks to stop the flow of sap.

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3
Q

What style of wine is Coteaux de Saumur AOC?

A

It is a semi-sweet to sweet wine that may or may not be affected by noble rot.

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4
Q

Which sweet wine producing sub-region lies within the Anjou zone of production?

A

Layon

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5
Q

What are the 3 distinct soil types in the Centre Loire?

A

Terres Blanches
Caillotes
Silex

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6
Q

The Pineau de la Loire grape is more commonly known as?

A

Chenin Blanc

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7
Q

Other than the Loire river, what are the other 2 primary rivers of the Lower Loire?

A

Sèvre Nantaise
&
Maine

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8
Q

What style of wine is made in the Rosé-de-Loire AOC?

A

This is a dry rosé made anywhere in the middle Loire

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9
Q

What 3 AOCs in the Centre Loire make white wine only?

A
  1. Pouilly-Fumé
  2. Pouilly-Sur-Loire
  3. Quincy
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10
Q

Which Loire sub-regions have a wholly continental climate?

A

The Centre and Upper Loire

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11
Q

What is the synonym for Cabernet Franc?

A

Breton

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12
Q

What two Centre Loire AOCs are located on the Cher river?

A

Quincy & Reuilly

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13
Q

What is the principle red grape of Touraine?

A

Cabernet Franc (Breton)

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14
Q

What is mousseux?

A

means “frothy or bubbly;” a category of French sparkling wines

These are methode traditionelle wines with at least 3 atmospheres of p

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15
Q

What Loire wine region is known for Kimmeridgean limestone?

A

The Centre Loire

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16
Q

What defines the term fines bulles?

A

It translates to “fine bubbles” and is a general term for all Loire sparkling wines

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17
Q

What category of Loire Sparkling wine does not have an aging requirement?

A

petillant

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18
Q

The Muscadet grape is also known as?

A

Melon de Bourgogne

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19
Q

What 2 grapes dominate the Middle Loire?

A

Chenin Blanc (Pineau de la Loire) &
Cabernet Franc (Breton)

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20
Q

What style of wine is made in the Anjou-Coteaux de la Loire AOC?

A

Sweet, botrytized dessert wines

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21
Q

The term “silex” refers to?

A

Flint soils found in the Centre-Loire

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22
Q

What are the primary grapes of the Sancerre AOC?

A

Sauvignon Blanc & Pinot Noir

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23
Q

Which Middle Loire AOC is a monopole?

A

Coulée de Serrant AOC

Owned by the Joly family; the estate only focuses on dry wines only

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24
Q

What style of wine is made in the Cabernet d’Anjou AOC?

A

Off-dry to sweet rosé made from both Cabernets

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25
Q

What Loire wine is frequently aged sur lie?

A

Muscadet

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26
Q

What is petillant?

A

The term means “fizzy”

These are Methode Traditionelle wines with 1 - 2.5 atmospheres of pressure

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27
Q

Where is Vouvray located?

A

Touraine (Middle Loire)

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28
Q

What style of wine is made in the Rosé d’Anjou AOC?

A

Off-dry rosé made primarily of Grolleau

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29
Q

What is tuffeau?

A

A porous chalk/limestone soil found in parts of the Middle Loire

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30
Q

What is terres blanches?

A

Kimmeridgian marl rich in oyster fossils found in the Centre Loire

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31
Q

The Folle Blanche grape is also known as?

A

Gros Plant

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32
Q

For what type of wine is Saumur known for?

A

sparkling

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33
Q

In which Loire sub-region is the Pays Nantais located?

A

Lower Loire

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34
Q

What are 3 primary grapes are grown in the Lower Loire?

A
  1. Muscadet (Melon de Bourgogne)
  2. Pinot Gris
  3. Gamay
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35
Q

What area of the Loire has volcanic soils?

A

The Lower Loire

Gneiss dominates the top soils, igneous rock the sub-soils

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36
Q

What is the primary white grape of the Centre Loire?

A

Sauvignon Blanc

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37
Q

What style of wine is made in the Vouvray AOC?

A

Dry, off-dry and sweet white wines from Chenin Blanc

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38
Q

What is the principal grape used in rosé production in the Middle Loire?

A

Grolleau

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39
Q

What soil type gives wines a unique gun-flint/smoky finish?

A

silex

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40
Q

What are the primary red grapes of the Upper Loire?

A

Pinot Noir & Gamay

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41
Q

Savennieres is best known for?

A

Dry Chenin Blanc, but Moelleux and Doux versions are also produced

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42
Q

What is Touraine Primeur?

A

A wine made from Gamay using semi-carbonic maceration

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43
Q

What style of wine is made in the Coteaux du Layon AOC?

A

Sweet, botrytized dessert wine

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44
Q

What grape is used to make sweet wine in the Middle Loire?

A

Chenin Blanc

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45
Q

What grape variety is used in Cour-Cheverny AOC?

A

Romorantin

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46
Q

What are the grapes of the Chinon AOC?

A

Cabernet Franc (Breton) &
Chenin Blanc (Pineau de la Loire)

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47
Q

What style of wine is made in the Bonnezeaux AOC?

A

Sweet, botrytized dessert wine

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48
Q

What are the 9 DGCs/Crus of the Muscadet Sevre et Maine AOC?

A
  1. Châteaux-Thébaud
  2. Clisson
  3. Gorges
  4. Goulaine
  5. Monnières-Saint-Fiacre
  6. Mouzillon-Tillières
  7. Le Pallet
  8. Vallet
  9. La Haye-Fouassière
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49
Q

How long must Loire Crémant spend aging on its lees?

A

12 Months (vs 9 months for most other regions in France)

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50
Q

The Gros Plant grape is also known as?

A

Folle Blanche

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51
Q

What are the two principle white grapes grown in the Lower Loire sub-region of Pays Nantais?

A

Melon de Bourgogne & Folle Blanche

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52
Q

Who introduced formal viticulture into the Loire Valley and in what century?

A

The Romans in the 1st century AD

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53
Q

Who was the power couple of the Loire in 1152?

A

Eleanor of Aquitaine & Henry Plantagenet

Parents of Richard the Lionhearted

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54
Q

What did Jeanne d’Arc do in 1429 during the middle ages in Chinon in the Loire Valley?

A

She persuaded the Dauphin of France to defy the English

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55
Q

In the 15th to 17th century what did the French Nobility do in the Loire?

A

They began building the over 300 Chateaux along the Loire River (Golden Age)

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56
Q

What was the impact of Phylloxera on the Loire Valley?

A

The Loire Valley was one of the last areas to get hit and last to recover. This put the Loire Valley behind the other regions once they recovered

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57
Q

What were the 3 challenges that the vignerons faced in the 18th century in the Loire?

A
  1. The railway system
  2. Phylloxera
  3. The French Revolution
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58
Q

What are the advantages of having vineyards near a river?

A

Rivers will provide 2 - 4 degrees more warmth to the vineyards

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59
Q

From west to east what are the 5 sub-regions of the Loire Valley?

A

Pays Nantais
Anjou & Saumur
Touraine
Centre-Loire
Upper Loire

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60
Q

Describe the Loire river.

A
  • Very shallow in general
  • Depth can vary greatly
  • Very difficult to navigate
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61
Q

What is the climate of the Lower Loire?

A

Maritime

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62
Q

What is the climate of the middle Loire?

A

Maritime with continental influences

63
Q

What is the climate of the Centre-Loire?

A

Continental

64
Q

What is the climate of the Upper Loire?

A

Continental

65
Q

What region of the Loire is Pays Nantais in?

A

The Lower Loire

Warming ocean influences with 2,000 hours of annual sunshine make it the warmest and sunniest area in the Loire

66
Q

What is the main soil type in the Loire sub-region of Pays Nantais?

A

Gneiss, a metamorphic rock

Very free draining which is good for this wet area

67
Q

In the Loire what is the synonym for the Muscadet Grape?

A

Melon de Bourgogne

68
Q

What grapes is Muscadet a cross of?

A

Gouis Blanc & Pinot

69
Q

What are the 7 Muscadet AOCs in the Loire Valley?

A
  1. Muscadet AOC
  2. Muscadet Sèvre et Maine AOC
  3. Muscadet Coteaux de la Loire AOC
  4. Muscadet Côtes de Grandlieu AOC
  5. Gros Plant du Pays Nantais AOC
  6. Coteaux d’Ancenis AOC
  7. Fiefs Vendéens AOC

Muscadet Sèvre et Maine has 9 DGCs.

70
Q

Which of the Muscadet AOCs in the Loire Valley produces the most wine?

A

Muscadet Sèvre et Maine AOC

75% of all Muscadet bottled/ 90% sur lie

71
Q

In the Loire Valley which of the Muscadet AOCs cannot be labeled sur lie?

A

The 9 DGCs of Muscadet Sèvre et Maine

72
Q

What are the lees?

A

Dead yeast cells

73
Q

What characteristics are added to the wine if it is left in contact with the lees?

A

added creaminess to the mouthfeel; bready/yeasty notes

74
Q

What are the 4 main areas in the Middle Loire?

A

Anjou
Layon
Saumur
Touraine

75
Q

What are the synonyms of Chenin Blanc in the Loire Valley?

A

Pineau de la Loire/Gros Pineau

76
Q

What are the 2 main soils of the Middle Loire?

A

dark schists & sandstone (“black Anjou”) [West]
tuffeau ( white, Turonian chalk) [East]

77
Q

Name the three most respected Cabernet Franc AOCs of all of the Loire Valley.

A

Chinon AOC
Bourgueil AOC
Saint-Nicholas-de-Bourgueil AOC

78
Q

What are the sweet Chenin AOCs in the Middle Loire?

A
  1. Coteaux du Layon
  2. Chaume Premier Cru
  3. Quarts de Chaume Grand Cru
  4. Bonnezeaux
  5. Coteaux de l’Aubance
  6. Anjou-Coteaux de la Loire
  7. Saviennières
  8. Savennières Roche au Moines
  9. Coulée de Serrant
79
Q

Which of the sweet Layon AOCs has the highest minimum RS requirement?

A

Quarts de Chaume Grand Cru AOC

80
Q

What are the names of the 3 AOCs in Savennières in the Loire Valley?

A

Savennières AOC
Savennières Roche aux Moines AOC
Coulée de Serrant AOC

81
Q

Which of the Savennières AOCs is a monopole?

A

Coulée de Serrant

82
Q

What white grapes are grown in Valençay AOC and Cheverny AOC on the east side of Touraine?

A

Sauvignon Blanc & Sauvignon Gris

83
Q

What are the rosé’s sweetness levels in the Loire Valley?

A

Rosé de Loire - max .3% RS (dry)
Rosé d’Anjou - min .7% RS (off-dry)
Cabernet d’Anjou - min 1% RS (off-dry to m-sweet)

84
Q

T or F? Rosé in the Loire Valley can be made by both saignée and direct press methods

A

True

85
Q

What grape is permitted in Rosé de Loire but not Rosé d’Anjou?

A

Pinot Noir

86
Q

What grape variety is allowed in Rosé d’Anjou but not Rosé de la Loire?

A

Côt (Malbec)

87
Q

What is the difference between Petillants, Mousseux and Crémant de la Loire?

A

The pressure and aging:
Petillant - 1 -2.5 atms
Mousseaux - min 3 atms; less production standards than Crémant
Crémant - 6 atms min; 12 month on lees plus 1 month aging (Only in Loire)

88
Q

What are the 2 biggest AOC areas in the Centre Loire?

A

Sancerre AOC & Pouilly-Fumé AOC

89
Q

What are the sparkling AOCs in the Loire?

A
  1. Crémant de Loire
  2. Saumur Mousseaux
  3. Vouvray Pétillant/Mousseaux
  4. Montlouis-sur-Loire Pétillant/Mousseaux/Pétillant Originel
  5. Anjou Mousseaux
  6. Touraine Mousseax
90
Q

What are the 3 soil types of the Centre Loire?

A

Terres Blanches - Limestone rich marls
Caillottes - Limestone gravels
Silex - Flint

91
Q

What are Kimmeridgean soils?

A

Limestone rich marls

92
Q

What are the principle grapes and sweetness levels of the following Centre Loire AOC’s?
Sancerre
Pouilly-Fume
Pouilly-Sur-Loire
Menetou-Salon
Reuilly
Quincy

A

Sancerre: Sauvignon Blanc (white) Pinot Noir (red) - Dry

Pouilly-Fume: Sauvignon Blanc - Dry

Pouilly-Sur-Loire: Chasselas - Dry

Menetou-Salon: Sauvignon Blanc (white) Pinot Noir (red) - Dry

Reuilly: Sauvignon Blanc (white), Pinot Noir (red), Pinot Noir & Pinot Gris (rosé) - Dry

Quincy: Sauvignon Blanc - Dry

93
Q

How long is the Loire River?

A

more than 620 miles

94
Q

During the middle ages the Loire valley became the dividing line between who?

A

The Latin influenced south & Celtic/Germanic north

95
Q

Who maintained the vineyards of the Loire Valley from the middle ages to the 17th century?

A

The Augustinian and Benedictine monks

96
Q

Who were the key customers for Loire wine during the 1600’s?

A

England and the Netherlands

97
Q

What were the seven first Loire AOCs to receive AOC status in 1936?

A
  1. Muscadet Sèvre et Maine AOC
  2. Muscadet Coteaux de la Loire AOC
  3. Anjou AOC
  4. Saumur AOC (white only)
  5. Vouvray AOC
  6. Sancerre AOC (white only)
  7. Quincy AOC
98
Q

What are the Loire Valley’s wine production stats? (AOC, IGP, and Vins Sans IG percentages)

A

AOC - 83.5%
(Val de Loire) IGP - 9%
Vins Sans IG - 7.5%

99
Q

Where is the Loire Valley wine region located?

A

north of Bordeaux
south of Normandy
east of the Atlantic Ocean
west/southwest of Bourgogne

100
Q

How does the gulf stream effect impact the Loire?

A

Mild & warm air reaches all the way to Orleans on the soft gulf stream breeze.

101
Q

Is chaptilization allowed in the Loire Valley?

A

Yes, but only in certain years and under certain circumstances

102
Q

What is the only grape allowed for dessert wines in the Loire?

A

Chenin Blanc

103
Q

Vineyards flanking a river are how much warmer than vineyards that do not?

A

2-4 degrees

104
Q

T or F? Most Loire Valley sparkling wine is made according to the méthode traditionelle.

A

True

105
Q

Where are the vineyards located in the Lower Loire Valley?

A

6 - 60 miles from the coast on flat or slightly south facing plots

106
Q

What is the type of soil in the Lower Loire?

A
  • Soils are derived from rock of ancient and complex origin (volcanic, igneous, metamorphic).
  • The are predominantly acidic (gneiss & mica schist).
  • Free-draining with mineral nuances.
107
Q

Savennières AOCs are located in what Loire sub-region?

A

Anjou

108
Q

T or F? Chardonnay is grown in the Loire Valley.

A

True

109
Q

T or F? Sancerre produces red wine from Gamay?

A

False

110
Q

Does Cour-Cheverny produce white wine from Sauvignon Blanc?

A

No, it uses Romorantin

111
Q

What are the synonyms for the following grapes:
* Muscadet
* Chenin Blanc
* Malbec
* Cabernet Franc
* Gros Plant

A

Muscadet: Melon d’ Bourgogne
Chenin Blanc: Pineau de la Loire/Gros Pineau
Malbec: Côt
Cabernet Franc: Breton
Gros Plant: Folle Blanche

112
Q

What area is the single largest producer of sparkling wine in the Loire?

A

Saumur

113
Q

T or F? Romorantin is a red grape.

A

False

114
Q

Where is the Reuilly AOC located and on top of what type of soil?

A

It flanks the Cher River on top of Kimmeridgean soil

115
Q

Sancerre AOC produces what type of wines?

A

White, red and rosé

116
Q

Quincy AOC only makes whites from what 2 grapes?

A

Sauvignon Blanc & Sauvignon Gris (minor blending partner)

117
Q

Pouilly-Fumé AOC only makes whites from what grape?

A

Sauvignon Blanc

118
Q

T or F? All Loire Valley AOCs are permitted to make crémant.

A

False

119
Q

What are the wine areas of the Loire valley from west to east?

A

Pays Nantais
Anjou
Layon
Saumur
Touraine
Centre-Loire
Upper Loire

120
Q

Gneiss and igneous/volcanic rock is found in what part of the Loire Valley?

A

Pays Nantais

121
Q

T or F? Reuilly makes red, white and rosé wines.

A

True

122
Q

What is the climate of the Centre Loire?

A

Continental Climate

Largest diurnal and seasonal temperature swings of the 4 Loire sub-regions

123
Q

T or F? The dominant red grape of the Middle Loire is Cabernet Sauvignon.

A

False it is Cabernet Franc

124
Q

Rosé de la Loire is always dry?

A

True

125
Q

Of the 3 sparkling methods - Petillant, Mousseaux & Crémant which has the longest aging requirements?

A

Crémant

126
Q

T or F? Vouvray and Montlouis-Sur-Loire are white only AOC’s?

A

True

127
Q

Most of the sweet wines of Anjou flank what river?

A

Layon

128
Q

Describe Crémant in the Loire Valley.

A
  • Made according to the méthod traditionelle
  • Must spend 12 months aging sur lie plus 1 month in the bottle before release
  • Only Loire sparkling wine with regulations concerning pressings
129
Q

Describe mousseux in the Loire Valley.

A
  • Made according to the méthode traditionelle
  • Has a min of 3 atms of pressure
  • Most have 9 months sur lie
  • Mousseux means “frothy and fizzy”
130
Q

Describe petillant in the Loire Valley.

A
  • Made according to the méthod traditionelle
  • Sparkling wine with about 1/2 the pressure as Mousseux or Crémant
  • Delicate sparkling with 1-2.5 atms
  • Petillant means fizzy
131
Q

T or F? In the Vouvray AOC the sweet wines must be affected by botrytis.

A

False it is optional

132
Q

By volume, what is the largest red wine producing AOC in the Loire Valley?

A

Chinon AOC

133
Q

Describe the Savennières area within the Middle Loire.

A
  • Located on the right bank
  • Has slate, schist, volcanic rock, and aeolian (wind-blown) soils
  • Produces Frances most age-worthy whites
134
Q

What are the 3 AOCs along the Layon River that produce sweet wine from botrytized Chenin Blanc?

A
  1. Coteaux de Layon AOC (6 DGCs + Chaume Premier Cru)
  2. Quarts de Chaume Grand Cru AOC
  3. Bonnezeaux AOC
135
Q

What is the best sun exposure direction for vineyards in the Middle Loire?

A

South

136
Q

What type of climate does the Middle Loire have?

A

Maritime with climate from the Lower Loire with continental influences toward the Centre and Upper Loire.

137
Q

What is Layon famous for in the Middle Loire?

A

Sweet wine production

138
Q

What style of wine is made in the Chaume and Quarts de Chaume AOCs?

A

Sweet, botrytized dessert wine

139
Q

What is Touraine Noble Joué?

A

A vin gris made primarily from Pinot Meunier, Noir, and Gris.

140
Q

What Centre Loire AOC produces wines from Chasselas?

A

Pouilly-Sur-Loire

141
Q

Describe the Muscadet Coteaux de la Loire AOC.

A

It is the smallest of the Muscadet AOCs and the furthest from the ocean.

Northest of Nantes on both sides of the Loire River; DGC Champtoceaux

142
Q

What area does the Muscadet AOC cover and what percentage of Muscadet does it produce?

A

Muscadet AOC covers all of the Pays Nantais

It produces 20% of the Muscadet

143
Q

What are the red grapes grown in the Lower Loire?

A

Gamay (5% plantings)
Cabernet Franc
Cabernet Sauvignon
Négrette
Pinot Noir

144
Q

What are the secondary white grapes in the Lower Loire?

A

Chardonnay
Folle Blanche
Chenin Blanc
Colombard
Montils
Sauvignon Blanc

145
Q

What are the 2 primary grapes of the Lower Loire?

A
  1. Melon de Bourgogne (Gouais Blanc x Pinot cross from Bourgogne)
  2. Folle Blanche aka Gros Plant (Gouais is one of its parents)
146
Q

What are the autumns like in the Lower Loire Valley?

A

warm and mild

147
Q

What are the summers like in the Lower Loire Valley?

A

warm and sunny with occassional rainstorms

Humidity can cause rot and mildew outbreaks

148
Q

What are the springs like in the Lower Loire Valley?

A

Springs are cool, damp, often cloudy

April frosts are a threat.

149
Q

What are winters like in the Lower Loire Valley?

A

mild and quite damp

150
Q

What are the hallmarks of a maritime climate?

A

less significant seasonal temperature changes & rainfall more evenly spread throughout the year

151
Q

What is the largest AOC in the Pays Nantais by size (acreage)?

A

Muscadet AOC

But only responsible for 20% of all the Muscadet produced

152
Q

T or F? All Muscadet AOCs can age their wines sur lie.

A

False

Muscadet AOC is not permitted to produce wines sur lie.

153
Q

T or F? Anjou AOC Gamay can also be vinified as primeur

A

True - and launched the 3rd Thursday of November of the same year the grapes were harvested.

French Wine Scholar 2024 (15 decks)

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