Lophophorate's

Question 1

What are Lophophorates’?

Answer 1

Brachiopods and bryozoans

Question 2

What are Brachiopods and Bryozoans united by?

Answer 2

The presence of a lophophore

Question 3

What is a lophophore?

Answer 3

A complex feeding structure covered in cilia
which generates current and traps/direct food particles

Question 4

How many genera of Brachiopods are there?

Answer 4

4500

Question 5

Where are Brachiopod fossils abundant?

Answer 5

Palaeozoic deposits (especially shallow water and shelf deposits)

Question 6

What dramatically affected the Brachiopods?

Answer 6

End Permian extinction but still have some importance in Mesozoic

Question 7

What has been the population trend of brachiopods up to the present day?

Answer 7

Gradual decline with only about 100 genera at present

Question 8

What are brachiopods?

Answer 8

A creature with a shall consisting of 2 valves (similar but different phyla to bivalved molluscs)

Question 9

What are the differences between brachiopods and bivalves?

Answer 9

Valve structure
Orientation
Plane of symmetry

Question 10

What is the plane of symmetry difference between brachiopods and bivalves?

Answer 10

Brachiopods - Bissects the 2 valves
Bivalves - runs between 2 valves

Question 11

What is the orientation difference between brachiopods and bivalves?

Answer 11

Brachiopods - Dorsal (brachial), Ventral (pedicle)
Bivalves - Left and Right

Question 12

What is the valve structure difference between brachiopods and bivalves involving the pedicle opening?

Answer 12

Brachiopods - have pedicle opening
Bivalves - no pedicle opening

Question 13

What is the valve structure difference between brachiopods and bivalves involving the brachial skeleton?

Answer 13

Brachiopods have brachial skeleton
Bivalves no brachial skeleton

Question 14

What does the pedicle opening say about the mode of life of a brachiopod?

Answer 14

Attached to the sea floor

Question 15

What is the valve structure difference between brachiopods and bivalves involving the muscle impressions?

Answer 15

Brachiopods will have central muscle impressions 4 on pedicle and 2 on brachial
Bivalve 2 muscle impressions near exterior of shell

Question 16

What 3 subphyla can brachiopods be divided into?

Answer 16

Linguliformea (late Cambrian to recent)
Craniiformea (late Cambrian to recent)
Rhynchonelliformea (late Cambrian to recent)

Question 17

What are the characteristics of Linguliformea?

Answer 17

Chitinophosphate
Equivalved
Pedicle emerges between posterior edges
of valves
Lack teeth and sockets

Question 18

What is the muscle insertion of Linguliformea like?

Answer 18

Adductors - oblique muscles

Question 19

What is the a recent (best known) example of Linguliformea?

Answer 19

Lingula

Question 20

What are the characteristics of Lingula?

Answer 20

Burrowing
Retracting pedicle pulling animal deeper into burrow
Euryhaline (short term)

Question 21

What does euryhaline mean?

Answer 21

being able to tolerate a wide range of salinities

Question 22

What are the majority of the brachiopods post the Ordovician?

Answer 22

Rhynchonelliforms

Question 23

What are the characteristics of Rhynchonelliforms?

Answer 23

CaCO3 shell
Unequal valves
Pedicle emerges from pedicle opening in pedicle valve
Brachial valve brachidium

Question 24

What are the muscles like in rhynchonelliforms?

Answer 24

Diductors which open valve (inserted behind hinge on cardinal process)

Adductors contract to pull valves together

Question 25

What are the muscle scars like in rhynchonelliforms?

Answer 25

2 pairs in pedicle valve (adductor high and diductor low) 1 pair in brachial valve

Question 26

What can the valve articulation of rhynchonelliforms be?

Answer 26

Hinge line in strophic (straight) or Non-strophic (curved)

Question 27

What essentially are brachiopods?

Answer 27

Filter feeder enclosed in 2 valves

Question 28

What are some examples of endofaunal brachiopods?

Answer 28

Burrowing - Lingula Quasi-faunal = Waagenoconcha (Permian)

Question 29

What are some examples of epifaunal brachiopods?

Answer 29

Fixosessile encrusting e.g. Orbiculoidea Fixosessile Plenipedunculate e.g. Terebratulids Fixosessile Umbone cementing e.g. Prorichthofenia Fixosessile Liberosessile e.g. Spirifer

Question 30

What is the problem for a benthic mode of life for brachiopods and how was this solved?

Answer 30

Non-food entering the mantle cavity solved by a zig-zag anterior commissure

Question 31

What is the age range of byrozoans?

Answer 31

Lower Ordovician to recent

Question 32

What are some examples of the colony morphologies of byrozoans?

Answer 32

stick-like encrusting fan-like

Question 33

How do byrozoans feed?

Answer 33

individual zooid extends lophophore out of chamber to gather food

Question 34

How can byrozoans move themselves?

Answer 34

walking by using setae