Practical handouts Flashcards by Andrew Jeavons

How is Nudds classification of lithostrontinidea divided?

3 sections based on growth form

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What are the 3 sections of Nudds classification?

Fasciculate
Ceroid
Plocoid

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What are the characteristics of class trilobita?

Marine arthropods with calcite exoskeleton divided longitudinally into three lobes. Appendages include one pair of uniramous antennae and a series of biramous appendages which decrease in size posteriorly

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What is order REDLICHIIDA?

Cephalon large and semicircular, with genal
spines. Thorax with many spinose segments. Pygidium tiny

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What are the 2 suborders of Redclichiida?

Suborder OLENELLINA - Dorsal facial sutures not seen.
Suborder REDLICHIINA - Opisthoparian

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What are the characteristics of order Agnostida?

Small trilobites with two or three
thoracic segments. Usually blind. Isopygous (gamete fusion)

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What are the characteristics of order CORYNEXOCHIDA?

Glabella expands anteriorly, often extending to front of cephalon. Commonly isopygous. Sub-order smoother.

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What are the characteristics of order Lichida?

Spiny trilobites, which are opisthoparian and have the glabella narrowing forwards

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What are the characteristics of order Phacopida?

Proparian or gonatoparian trilobites

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What are the characteristics of order PTYCHOPARIIDA?

forwardly tapering glabella with straight glabellar furrows, a large thorax and small pygidium

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What are the characteristics of order proetida?

relatively larger pygidium than ptychopariids

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What is the sicula of graptolites?

conical structure in which the first member of the colony lived

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What are stipes and dissepiments?

Stipes are a branch of the theca, it is a stack of thecae built up to form a colony
and
Dissepiments connect stipes

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What are thecae?

individual cups in which the zooids lived

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What is the aperture?

Terminal ring to a theca where the zooid protruded to filter feed

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What is the virgella?

Spine at the end of the sicula

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What is the nema?

long extension to the top of the sicula, possibly for attachment to a floating object

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What is the rhabdosome?

whole graptoloid’s skeleton, which may consist of one or several stipes

What are the endofaunal habits for bivales?

Burrowing
Quasi-infaunal (partially or fully buried)
Interstitial

What would the nature of the substrate been like for endofaunal bivalves?

Soft bottom (burrowing)
Initial pediculate attachment to hard bottom + partial burying in soft bottom (quasi)
Attachment to hard bottom in voids of uncompact sediment (Inter)

What is the changning habit for epifaunal lophophorates?

Hard bottom
Detached but support by hard or soft bottom
Soft/ hard bottom plants
Transition to recumbence/ detachment

What are the characteristics of infaunal shallow burrower bivalves?

Equivalved
Adductor muscles equal size
Strong external ornament

What is an example of an infaunal shallow burrower bivalve?

Glycimeris

What are the characteristics of infaunal deep burrowing bivalves?

Elongate valves
Lack teeth
Permanent gape
Marked pallial sinus

What is an example of a deep infaunal burrower bivalve?

Mya

What are the characteristics of epifaunal with byssus bivalves?

Elongate valve with flat ventral surface Reduced anterior valve and anterior muscle scar Attached by thread byssus

What is an example of an epifaunal with byssus bivalve?

Mytilus

What are the characteristics of epifaunal with cementation bivalve?

Markedly different shaped valves Crenulated commissure (wavy) Large single adductor muscle

What is an example of an epifaunal with cementation bivalve?

Ostrea

What are the characteristics of unattached recumbent bivalves?

Spines for anchorage/ prevent sinking into sediment Horn shape

What is an example of an unattached recumbent bivalve?

Gryphaea

What are the characteristics of simmer bivalves?

Valves dissimilar shape and size Very large single adductor muscles Hinge line extended as ears

What is an example of a swimmer bivalve?

Pecten

What are the characteristics of bore and cavity dweller bivalves?

Elongated cylindrical shell Strong sharp external ornament

What will ichnofabric index indicate?

How much burrowing has occurred in a rock

What will a heavily bioturbated rock look like?

No rock structure (laminae) will remain

What is ISOW?

Iceland Scotland Overflow Water

What are the three key XFR ratios?

Calcium to Titanium Zircon to Rubidium Potassium to Titanium

What does the calcium to titanium ratio show?

distribution/ source of calcium carbonate (calcium) to titanium (silica-rich)

What does a high Ca/Ti ratio mean?

More calcium carbonate production from increased phytoplankton production

What is Zircon an indicator of?

due to being more resistant usually coarser

What does Zircon to Rubidium ratio show?

Coarser or finer sediment. Zircon indicates coarser and thus stronger water currents

What does the K/Ti ratio indicate?

Balance between Icelandic sediments (K) and continental sources from Greenland (Ti)