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Earth history and life - 29202 > Practical handouts > Flashcards

Practical handouts Flashcards

1
Q

How is Nudds classification of lithostrontinidea divided?

A

3 sections based on growth form

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2
Q

What are the 3 sections of Nudds classification?

A

Fasciculate
Ceroid
Plocoid

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of class trilobita?

A

Marine arthropods with calcite exoskeleton divided longitudinally into three lobes. Appendages include one pair of uniramous antennae and a series of biramous appendages which decrease in size posteriorly

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4
Q

What is order REDLICHIIDA?

A

Cephalon large and semicircular, with genal
spines. Thorax with many spinose segments. Pygidium tiny

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5
Q

What are the 2 suborders of Redclichiida?

A

Suborder OLENELLINA - Dorsal facial sutures not seen.
Suborder REDLICHIINA - Opisthoparian

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of order Agnostida?

A

Small trilobites with two or three
thoracic segments. Usually blind. Isopygous (gamete fusion)

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of order CORYNEXOCHIDA?

A

Glabella expands anteriorly, often extending to front of cephalon. Commonly isopygous. Sub-order smoother.

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of order Lichida?

A

Spiny trilobites, which are opisthoparian and have the glabella narrowing forwards

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of order Phacopida?

A

Proparian or gonatoparian trilobites

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of order PTYCHOPARIIDA?

A

forwardly tapering glabella with straight glabellar furrows, a large thorax and small pygidium

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of order proetida?

A

relatively larger pygidium than ptychopariids

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12
Q

What is the sicula of graptolites?

A

conical structure in which the first member of the colony lived

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13
Q

What are stipes and dissepiments?

A

Stipes are a branch of the theca, it is a stack of thecae built up to form a colony
and
Dissepiments connect stipes

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14
Q

What are thecae?

A

individual cups in which the zooids lived

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15
Q

What is the aperture?

A

Terminal ring to a theca where the zooid protruded to filter feed

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16
Q

What is the virgella?

A

Spine at the end of the sicula

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17
Q

What is the nema?

A

long extension to the top of the sicula, possibly for attachment to a floating object

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18
Q

What is the rhabdosome?

A

whole graptoloid’s skeleton, which may consist of one or several stipes

19
Q

What are the endofaunal habits for bivales?

A

Burrowing
Quasi-infaunal (partially or fully buried)
Interstitial

20
Q

What would the nature of the substrate been like for endofaunal bivalves?

A

Soft bottom (burrowing)
Initial pediculate attachment to hard bottom + partial burying in soft bottom (quasi)
Attachment to hard bottom in voids of uncompact sediment (Inter)

21
Q

What is the changning habit for epifaunal lophophorates?

A

Hard bottom
Detached but support by hard or soft bottom
Soft/ hard bottom plants
Transition to recumbence/ detachment

22
Q

What are the characteristics of infaunal shallow burrower bivalves?

A

Equivalved
Adductor muscles equal size
Strong external ornament

23
Q

What is an example of an infaunal shallow burrower bivalve?

A

Glycimeris

24
Q

What are the characteristics of infaunal deep burrowing bivalves?

A

Elongate valves
Lack teeth
Permanent gape
Marked pallial sinus

25
Q

What is an example of a deep infaunal burrower bivalve?

A

Mya

26
Q

What are the characteristics of epifaunal with byssus bivalves?

A

Elongate valve with flat ventral surface
Reduced anterior valve and anterior muscle scar
Attached by thread byssus

27
Q

What is an example of an epifaunal with byssus bivalve?

A

Mytilus

28
Q

What are the characteristics of epifaunal with cementation bivalve?

A

Markedly different shaped valves
Crenulated commissure (wavy)
Large single adductor muscle

29
Q

What is an example of an epifaunal with cementation bivalve?

A

Ostrea

30
Q

What are the characteristics of unattached recumbent bivalves?

A

Spines for anchorage/ prevent sinking into sediment
Horn shape

31
Q

What is an example of an unattached recumbent bivalve?

A

Gryphaea

32
Q

What are the characteristics of simmer bivalves?

A

Valves dissimilar shape and size
Very large single adductor muscles
Hinge line extended as ears

33
Q

What is an example of a swimmer bivalve?

A

Pecten

34
Q

What are the characteristics of bore and cavity dweller bivalves?

A

Elongated cylindrical shell
Strong sharp external ornament

35
Q

What will ichnofabric index indicate?

A

How much burrowing has occurred in a rock

36
Q

What will a heavily bioturbated rock look like?

A

No rock structure (laminae) will remain

37
Q

What is ISOW?

A

Iceland Scotland Overflow Water

38
Q

What are the three key XFR ratios?

A

Calcium to Titanium
Zircon to Rubidium
Potassium to Titanium

39
Q

What does the calcium to titanium ratio show?

A

distribution/ source of calcium carbonate (calcium) to titanium (silica-rich)

40
Q

What does a high Ca/Ti ratio mean?

A

More calcium carbonate production from increased phytoplankton production

41
Q

What is Zircon an indicator of?

A

due to being more resistant usually coarser

42
Q

What does Zircon to Rubidium ratio show?

A

Coarser or finer sediment.
Zircon indicates coarser and thus stronger water currents

43
Q

What does the K/Ti ratio indicate?

A

Balance between Icelandic sediments (K) and continental sources from Greenland (Ti)

44
Q
A

Earth history and life - 29202 (29 decks)

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