Lower Limb 1

Question 1

What are the two superficial veins in the leg?

Answer 1

Great saphenous

Small saphenous

Question 2

Where does the great saphenous descend?

Answer 2

Anterior to medial malleolus

Question 3

Where does the small saphenous descend?

Answer 3

Ascends posterior to the medial malleolus

Question 4

Where does the great saphenous vein empty into?

Answer 4

Femoral vein

Question 5

Where does the small saphenous vein empty into?

Answer 5

Popliteal vein

Question 6

What are varicose veins?

Answer 6

Dilated superficial veins due to incompetent valves

More common in great saphenous vein

Question 7

What is DVT?

Answer 7

Venous status caused by thrombus formation

Caused by muscular inactivity, external pressure, e.g. bandages

Question 8

What are the important groups of lymph nodes draining the lower limb?

Answer 8

Superficial inguinal
Deep inguinal
Popliteal lymph nodes

Question 9

Lymphatic vessels accompanying the great saphenous vein end where?

Answer 9

In the superficial inguinal nodes

Question 10

Lymphatic vessels accompanying the small saphenous vein enter where?

Answer 10

The popliteal lymph nodes

Question 11

What may cause enlargement of the inguinal lymph nodes?

Answer 11

Infection of the lower limb and trunk inferior to the umbilicus

Question 12

What is the S1 dermatome?

Answer 12

Little toe

Question 13

What is the L3 dermatome?

Answer 13

The knee

Question 14

What kind of joint is the hip?

Answer 14

Ball and socket

Question 15

Why is the hip more stable than the shoulder?

Answer 15

Femoral head almost completely surrounded by hip socket

Question 16

What is the acetabular labrum?

Answer 16

Fibrocartilaginous collar around edge of acetabulum that increases the depth of the acetabulum and increases stability of joint as more of femoral head fits in

Question 17

What is the fovea?

Answer 17

Pit that is the attachment of the ligament of the head of the femur

Question 18

What are the hip ligaments?

Answer 18

Ischiofemoral
Pubofemoral
Iliofemoral

Question 19

What does iliofemoral ligament do?

Answer 19

Prevents hyperextension of hip

Question 20

What does the pubofemoral ligament do?

Answer 20

Prevents hyperabduction of the hip

Question 21

What does the ischofemoral ligament do?

Answer 21

Prevent hyperextension of the hip

Question 22

What movements occur at the hip joint?

Answer 22

Flexion 
Extension 
Abduction 
Adduction 
Lateral and medial rotation 
Circumduction

Question 23

What are the hip flexors?

Answer 23

ILIOPSOAS

Pectineus

Question 24

What are the hip extensors?

Answer 24

Gluteus maximus is chief extensor, hamstrings, adductor magnus

Question 25

What are the adductors of the hip?

Answer 25

Obturator externus, gracilis, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus

Question 26

What nerve supplies the adductor compartment?

Answer 26

Obturator nerve

Question 27

Where does the obturator nerve leave the pelvis?

Answer 27

Obturator canal via the obturator foramen

Question 28

Weakness of the hip abductors leads to what type of gait?

Answer 28

Trendelenburg gait

Question 29

What muscles internally rotate the hip?

Answer 29

Gluteus maxmimus Gluteus minimus Tensor fascia latae

Question 30

What are the quadriceps femoris?

Answer 30

Four headed muscle | Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

Question 31

What nerve innervates the anterior thigh muscles?

Answer 31

Femoral nerve

Question 32

What is the action of the rectus femoris?

Answer 32

Flexion of hip and knee | KICKING MUSCLE

Question 33

What do the rectus femoris unite to form?

Answer 33

Quadriceps tendon, continues as patellar ligament distal tot he knee and attaches to the tibia

Question 34

Where does the patellar ligament attach?

Answer 34

Tibial tuberosity

Question 35

What is the action of sartorius?

Answer 35

Flexion, abduction, lateral rotation at hip and flexion of knee

Question 36

What are the adductor muscles?

Answer 36

Obturator externus, adductor longus, brevis, magnus and gracilis

Question 37

What structures pass through adductor canal?

Answer 37

Femoral artery Femoral vein Saphenous nerve Nerve to vastus medialis

Question 38

Femoral artery enters the thigh midway between which two bony surface markings?

Answer 38

ASIS and pubic tubercle

Question 39

What large branch of the femoral artery passes posteriorly towards the hamstrings?

Answer 39

Profunda femoris artery

Question 40

What is the femoral vein a continuation of?

Answer 40

Popliteal vein

Question 41

What does the femoral vein drain into?

Answer 41

External iliac vein

Question 42

What veins drain into the femoral vein in the femoral triangle?

Answer 42

Profunda femoris vein | Great saphenous vein

Question 43

What is the course of the femoral nerve?

Answer 43

Passes deep to inguinal ligament and enters femoral triangle lateral to the femoral vessels

Question 44

What muscles does the femoral nerve supply?

Answer 44

Anterior thigh muscles - sartorius, quadriceps femoris, iliacus, pectineus

Question 45

What is the action of pectineus?

Answer 45

Flexion and adduction of the hip

Question 46

What is the femoral triangle?

Answer 46

Triangular depression below the inguinal ligament

Question 47

What forms the medial and lateral boundary of the femoral triangle?

Answer 47

Medial - adductor longus | Lateral - sartorius

Question 48

What structure forms the base of the femoral triangle?

Answer 48

Inguinal ligament

Question 49

What are the contents of the femoral triangle (L-->M)?

Answer 49

Femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, femoral canal and lymph nodes

Question 50

What is the femoral sheath?

Answer 50

Funnel shaped fascial tube which surrounds proximal parts of the femoral vessels (not femoral nerve) and creates the femoral canal medial to them which contains the lymphatic vessels

Question 51

The femoral sheath is loosely divided into 3 compartments, what are these?

Answer 51

Lateral - femoral artery Intermediate - femoral vein Medial - femoral canal

Question 52

What is a femoral hernia?

Answer 52

femoral ring weak in anterior abdominal wall - site of femoral hernia

Question 53

In which gender are femoral hernias more common?

Answer 53

Females Inguinal more common in men

Question 54

What is the adductor canal/hunter's canal?

Answer 54

As femoral neurovascular structures leave apex of femoral triangle, they begin to burrow beneath the musculature to create a tunnel, the adductor canal It passes through the adductor hiatus within the tendon of the adductor magnus and emerges into popliteal fossa

Question 55

What are the two main branches of the lumbar plexus?

Answer 55

Obturator nerve and femoral nerve

Question 56

Where does the lumbar plexus sit?

Answer 56

On the psoas major muscle

Question 57

What nerve roots make up the lumbar plexus?

Answer 57

L1-4

Question 58

What nerve roots make up the obturator nerve?

Answer 58

L2-4

Question 59

What nerve roots make up the femoral nerve?

Answer 59

L2-4