Lower limb 2

Question 1

Pelvic girdle is completed anteriorly and posteriorly by what

Answer 1

Anteriorly - pubic symphysis

Posteriorly - sacroiliac joints

Question 2

Which sciatic foramen is the route for structures entering/leaving pelvis

Answer 2

Greater

Question 3

Which sciatic foramen is the route for structures entering/leaving the perineum

Answer 3

Lesser

Question 4

Note where ischial spine is - pg 110

Answer 4

.

Question 5

What does the sacrospinous ligament connect

Answer 5

Outer edge of sacrum and coccyx to ischial spine

Question 6

List the 4 muscles of the superficial layer of the gluteal region + what 2 actions do these muscles mainly carry out

(there is superficial and deep layer)

Answer 6

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae

ABDUCTION + EXTENSION

Question 7

List the 5 muscles of the deep layer of the gluteal region + what is their main action

Answer 7

Quadratus femoris
Piriformis
Gemellus superior
Gemellus inferior
Obturator internus

LATERAL ROTATION

Question 8

The fascia lata is the deep fascia of the thigh. It encloses the thigh muscles.

What is the iliotibial tract/band

Answer 8

Extension of the fascia lata on the lateral side of thigh

Question 9

What 2 muscles are attached to the iliotibial tract

Answer 9

Tensor fascia latae and gluteus maximus

Question 10

Actions of gluteus maximus (2)

Answer 10

Extend hip

Laterally rotate hip

Question 11

Innervation of gluteus maximus

Answer 11

Inferior gluteal nerve

Question 12

Actions of gluteus medius (2)

Answer 12

Abduct + medially rotate hip

Question 13

Actions of gluteus minimus (2)

Answer 13

Abduct + medially rotate hip

Question 14

Actions of tensor fascia latae

Answer 14

Assists the gluteus medius and minimus in abduction and medial rotation of hip

Question 15

Innervation of gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fascia latae

Answer 15

Superior gluteal nerve

Question 16

Function of the deep muscles of the gluteal region (i.e. Quadratus femoris, Piriformis, Gemellus superior, Gemellus inferior, Obturator internus) (2)

Answer 16

Stabilise the hip joint by ‘pulling’ the femoral head into the acetabulum of the pelvis

Laterally rotate hip

Question 17

Nerve roots of sacral plexus

Answer 17

Ventral rami of L2-S4

Question 18

Anterior to which posterior pelvic muscle are the roots of the sacral plexus found

Answer 18

Piriformis

Question 19

2 main branches of sacral plexus

Answer 19

Sciatic + pudenal

Question 20

Root value of

• superior gluteal nerve
• inferior gluteal nerve

Answer 20

L4-S1

L5-S2

Question 21

Other branches of sacral plexus that aren’t superior/inferior gluteal nerve, sciatic nerve or pudenal nerve

Answer 21

Nerve to piriformis
Posterior femoral cutaneous
Nerve to quadratus femoris
Nerve to obturator internus

Question 22

Inferior to which gluteal muscle does the sciatic nerve emerge

Answer 22

Piriformis

Question 23

2 terminal branches of the sciatic nerve

Answer 23

Tibial

Common fibular

Question 24

Does the sciatic nerve supply any muscles in the gluteal region

Answer 24

No

Question 25

Posterior thigh muscles are collectively called the hamstrings - they act on both HIP + KNEE Name the 3 muscles from lateral to medial

Answer 25

Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

Question 26

Action of the hamstringing on - hip - knee

Answer 26

Extend hip | Flex knee

Question 27

Innervation of hamstrings

Answer 27

Sciatic

Question 28

Knee joint type

Answer 28

Synovial hinge

Question 29

Which leg bone isn't involved in knee joint

Answer 29

Fibula

Question 30

Most important muscle that stabilises knee joint

Answer 30

Quadriceps femoris

Question 31

What are the 4 ligaments of the knee

Answer 31

Medial/lateral collateral | Anterior/posterior cruciate

Question 32

The midpoint of the medial collateral ligament is firmly attached to what structure in the knee

Answer 32

Medial meniscus

Question 33

Why is the attachment of the MCL to the medial meniscus clinically important

Answer 33

Because tearing of the MCL frequently results in tearing of medial meniscus as well

Question 34

Which cruciate ligament is weaker but prevents femur from sliding posteriorly on the tibia

Answer 34

Anterior cruciate

Question 35

The posterior cruciate ligament prevents what

Answer 35

the femur sliding anteriorly on the tibia

Question 36

What are the menisci made of

Answer 36

Fibrocartilage

Question 37

Functions of menisci

Answer 37

Deepen articular surface of tibia | Shock absorption

Question 38

What is the 'unhappy triad' of knee injuries

Answer 38

Lateral blow to knee putting load on MCL --> tears MCL --> tears medial meniscus --> all load put on ACL which then tears

Question 39

List the muscles that flex the knee (4)

Answer 39

Hamstrings Gracilis Sartorius Popliteus

Question 40

Name the muscle that extends the knee

Answer 40

Quadriceps femoris

Question 41

Innervation of popliteus

Answer 41

Tibial nerve (branch of sciatic)

Question 42

Innervation of gracilis (think - it's in medial compartment of thigh)

Answer 42

Obturator nerve

Question 43

Which bursa communicates with the articular cavity of the knee joint

Answer 43

Suprapatellar

Question 44

Clinical significance of bursa around the knee

Answer 44

Friction between skin and patella can cause the prepatellar bursa to inflame --> distends with fluid and becomes swollen --> prepatellar bursitis "HOUSEMAID'S KNEE"