Lower Limb: Leg And Foot Regions

Question 1

Which of the following landmarks is located on the distal end of the tibia?

A. Medial condyle
B. Medial malleolus
C. Tibial tuberosity
D. Lateral malleolus

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following tarsal bones are considered bones of the hind foot? Select all that apply.

Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiforms
Talus

Answer 2

Calcaneus
Talus

Question 3

The sustentaculum tali is an important bony landmark of which of the following tarsal bones?

A. Talus
B. Navicular
C. Cuboid
D. Calcaneus

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following articulations forms the talocrural (upper ankle) joint?

A. Head of fibula and lateral tibial condyle
B. Distal end of fibula and fibular notch of tibia and interosseous membrane
C. Distal end of tibia and fibula (malleolar mortise) and trochlea of talus
D. Inferior aspect of talus and superior aspect of calcaneus

Answer 4

C

Question 5

True or false: The movements of flexion and extension occur at the upper ankle joint while the motions of inversion and eversion occur at the lower ankle joint.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Which of the following ligaments forms part of the lateral ligament of the ankle joint? Select all that apply.

Anterior talofibular
Anterior tibiotalor
Posterior talofibular
Posterior tibiotalor
Calcaneofibular

Answer 6

Anterior talofibular
Posterior talofibular
Calcaneofibular

Question 7

True or false: The medial ligament of the ankle limits inversion of the ankle joint.

Answer 7

False

It limits eversion

Question 8

True or false: The metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints are joints of the toes.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Which of the following bones forms a part of the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot? Select all that apply.

Calcaneus
Cuboid
Talus
Navicular
Lateral metatarsal bones

Answer 9

Calcaneus
Cuboid
Lateral metatarsal bones

Question 10

Which of the following bones forms part of the transverse arch of the foot? Select all that apply.

Cuboid
Talus
Calcaneus
Cuneiforms
Bases of metatarsal bones

Answer 10

Cuboid
Cuneiforms
Bases of metatarsal bones

Question 11

True or false: The passive supports of the arches of the foot are formed by the tendons of several muscles that insert onto the bones of the foot.

Answer 11

False

Question 12

Which of the following muscle tendons forms the dynamic supports of the arches of the foot? Select all that apply.

Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior
Fibularis longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Extensor hallucis longus

Answer 12

Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior
Fibularis longus
Flexor hallucis longus

Question 13

Name the tarsal bones of the foot from lateral to medial, proximal to distal.

Answer 13

Calcaneus, talus
Cuboid, navicular
Cuneiform (Lateral, intermediate, medial)

Question 14

The “bracket-shaped” socket at the distal end of the leg is called _______.

Answer 14

Malleolus mortise

Question 15

The articulation of the head of the fibula and lateral tibial condyle is called:

A. Upper ankle joint
B. Lower ankle joint
C. Superior tibiofibular joint
D. Inferior tibiofibular joint

Answer 15

C

Question 16

The articulation of the distal end of the tibia and fibula (malleolar mortise) and trochlea of talus is called:

A. Upper ankle joint
B. Lower ankle joint
C. Superior tibiofibular joint
D. Inferior tibiofibular joint

Answer 16

A

This is also known as the talocrural joint

Question 17

The articulations of the inferior aspect of the talus, superior aspect of the calcaneus, calcaneus, cuboid, talus, and navicular bones is called:

A. Upper ankle joint
B. Lower ankle joint
C. Superior tibiofibular joint
D. Inferior tibiofibular joint

Answer 17

B

These are also known as the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints

Question 18

The articulation of the distal end of the fibula, fibular notch of tibia, and interosseous membrane is called:

A. Upper ankle joint
B. Lower ankle joint
C. Superior tibiofibular joint
D. Inferior tibiofibular joint

Answer 18

D

Question 19

Which arch of the foot is described below?

Cuboid, cuneiforms, bases of metatarsals

A. Medial longitudinal
B. Lateral longitudinal
C. Transverse

Answer 19

C

Question 20

Which arch of the foot is described below?

Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, 3 medial metatarsals

A. Medial longitudinal
B. Lateral longitudinal
C. Transverse

Answer 20

A

Question 21

Which arch of the foot is described below?

Calcaneus, cuboid, cuneiforms, 2 lateral metatarsals

A. Medial longitudinal
B. Lateral longitudinal
C. Transverse

Answer 21

B

Question 22

These structures of the foot acts as a shock absorbers and springboard for propulsion.

A. Ligaments
B. Arches
C. Tarsals
D. Bursa

Answer 22

B

Question 23

Which of the following retinacula will stabilize the tendons of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg as they cross the ankle joint?

A. Superior and inferior extensor retinaculum
B. Superior and inferior fibular retinaculum
C. Flexor retinaculum

Answer 23

B

Question 24

Which of the following muscles is contained in the anterior compartment of the leg? Select all that apply.

Tibialis anterior
Fibularis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
Tibialis posterior

Answer 24

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius

Question 25

True or false: The muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg are innervated by the superficial fibular nerve.

Answer 25

**False** *Deep fibular nerve*

Question 26

Which of the following muscles originates from the lateral condyle of the tibia? Select all that apply. Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius

Answer 26

Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus

Question 27

True or false: All muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg can produce dorsiflexion at the upper ankle joint.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

True or false: The inferior fibular retinaculum is continuous with the inferior extensor retinaculum.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

True or false: Both the fibularis longus and brevis originate from the fibula.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

True or false: Both the fibularis longus and brevis produce inversion at the lower ankle joint.

Answer 30

**False** *Eversion*

Question 31

Which of the following nerves innervates the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg? A. Deep fibular B. Superficial fibular C. Tibial

Answer 31

B

Question 32

Which of the following muscles are contained in the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the leg? Select all that apply. Gastrocnemius Tibialis posterior Plantaris Flexor digitorum longus Soleus

Answer 32

Gastrocnemius Plantaris Soleus

Question 33

Which of the following muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg originate from the femur? Select all that apply. Gastrocnemius Tibialis posterior Plantaris Flexor digitorum longus Popliteus Flexor hallucis longus

Answer 33

Gastrocnemius Plantaris Popliteus

Question 34

Which muscle tendons pass through the tarsal tunnel? Select all that apply. Popliteus Tibialis posterior Plantaris Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus

Answer 34

Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus

Question 35

True or false: All muscles of the superior layer of the posterior compartment of the leg can produce plantar flexion of the ankle except popliteus.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Which of the following nerves innervates the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg? A. Tibial B. Deep Fibular C. Superficial fibular

Answer 36

A

Question 37

The attached ligaments are collectively known as?

Answer 37

Lateral collateral ligaments (of the ankle)

Question 38

The attached ligaments are collectively known as?

Answer 38

Medial collateral ligaments (of the ankle)

Question 39

The circled joints are known as?

Answer 39

Metatarsalphalangeal joints

Question 40

The circled joints are known as?

Answer 40

Interphalangeal joints

Question 41

The ligaments attached are known as?

Answer 41

Collateral ligaments (of the foot)

Question 42

The attached ligaments are known as?

Answer 42

Plantar ligaments *(similar to volar plates of the hand)*

Question 43

Which of the following are the passive supports of the foot? Select all that apply. Tibialis posterior Tibialis anterior Plantar aponeurosis Long and short plantar ligaments Flexor hallucis longus Fibularis longus Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

Answer 43

Plantar aponeurosis Long and short plantar ligaments Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

Question 44

Which of the following are the dynamic supports of the foot? Select all that apply. Tibialis posterior Tibialis anterior Plantar aponeurosis Long and short plantar ligaments Flexor hallucis longus Fibularis longus Intrinsic plantar muscles

Answer 44

Tibialis posterior Tibialis anterior Flexor hallucis longus Fibularis longus Intrinsic plantar muscles

Question 45

True or false: The dynamic supports of the foot are all intrinsic muscles of the foot.

Answer 45

**False** *Extrinsic muscles*

Question 46

The **most common** cause of ankle sprains is due to: A. Plantar flexed foot inverts and rolls, tearing the LCL B. Plantar flexed foot everts and rolls, tearing the MCL C. Fracture of the calcaneus D. Fracture of the talus

Answer 46

A

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a common fracture site of the foot? A. Calcaneus B. Talus C. 5th metatarsal D. 2nd metatarsal

Answer 47

D

Question 48

Pes planus is a condition presenting as… A. Lateral deviation of the great toe, generally due to degenerative joint disease B. Lateral deviation of the forefoot due to dysfunction of tibialis posterior C. Fracture of the fibula superior to the medial malleolus causing lateral instability D. Fracture of the great toe

Answer 48

B

Question 49

Hallux valgus is a condition presenting as… A. Lateral deviation of the great toe, generally due to degenerative joint disease B. Lateral deviation of the forefoot due to dysfunction of tibialis posterior C. Fracture of the fibula superior to the medial malleolus causing lateral instability D. Fracture of the great toe

Answer 49

A

Question 50

The following muscles are that of which compartment of the leg? *Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis* A. Anterior compartment B. Lateral compartment C. Posterior superficial compartment D. Posterior deep compartment

Answer 50

B

Question 51

The following muscles are that of which compartment of the leg? *Popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus* A. Anterior compartment B. Lateral compartment C. Posterior superficial compartment D. Posterior deep compartment

Answer 51

D

Question 52

The following muscles are that of which compartment of the leg? *Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius* A. Anterior compartment B. Lateral compartment C. Posterior superficial compartment D. Posterior deep compartment

Answer 52

A

Question 53

The following muscles are that of which compartment of the leg? *Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris* A. Anterior compartment B. Lateral compartment C. Posterior superficial compartment D. Posterior deep compartment

Answer 53

C

Question 54

Which retinaculum prevents bowstringing of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg? A. Extensor retinaculum (superior and inferior) B. Fibular retinaculum (superior and inferior) C. Flexor retinaculum

Answer 54

A

Question 55

Which retinaculum prevents bowstringing of the muscles of the deep posterior compartment of the leg? A. Extensor retinaculum (superior and inferior) B. Fibular retinaculum (superior and inferior) C. Flexor retinaculum

Answer 55

C

Question 56

Which retinaculum prevents bowstringing of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg? A. Extensor retinaculum (superior and inferior) B. Fibular retinaculum (superior and inferior) C. Flexor retinaculum

Answer 56

B

Question 57

**Name this muscle.** Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

Answer 57

**Name**: Tibialis anterior **Origin**: lateral condyle and surface of tibia; interosseous membrane **Insertion**: medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal **Innervation**: Deep fibular nerve **Action**: Dorsiflexion and inversion

Question 58

**Name this muscle.** Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

Answer 58

**Name**: Extensor digitorum longus **Origin**: lateral condyle of tibia and interosseous membrane **Insertion**: middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits **Innervation**: Deep fibular nerve **Action**: Extends lateral 4 digits of foot; dorsiflexion

Question 59

**Name this muscle.** Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

Answer 59

**Name**: Extensor hallucis longus **Origin**: Anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane **Insertion**: Dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of great toe **Innervation**: Deep fibular nerve **Action**: Extension of great toe; dorsiflexion

Question 60

**Name this muscle.** Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

Answer 60

**Name**: Fibularis tertius **Origin**: Anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane **Insertion**: Dorsum of base 5th metatarsal **Innervation**: Deep fibular nerve **Action**: Dorsiflexion and eversion

Question 61

**Name this muscle.** Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

Answer 61

**Name**: Fibularis longus head and lateral surface of fibular **Insertion**: medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal **Innervation**: Superficial fibular nerve **Action**: Eversion of ankle

Question 62

**Name this muscle.** Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

Answer 62

**Name**: Fibularis brevis **Origin**: Inferolateral surface of fibula **Insertion**: Dorsal surface of base of 5th metatarsal **Innervation**: Superficial fibular nerve **Action**: Eversion of ankle

Question 63

**Name this muscle.** Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

Answer 63

**Name**: Gastrocnemius **Origin**: *Lateral head*—lateral condyle of femur; *Medial head*—medial condyle of femur **Insertion**: Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon **Innervation**: Tibial nerve **Action**: plantarflexion of ankle; knee flexion

Question 64

**Name this muscle.** Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

Answer 64

**Name**: Soleus **Origin**: posterior aspect of head and surface of fibula, soleal line, and medial border of tibia **Insertion**: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon **Innervation**: Tibial nerve **Action**: plantarflexion of the ankle

Question 65

**Name this muscle.** Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

Answer 65

**Name**: Plantaris **Origin**: lateral supracondylar line of femur **Insertion**: posterior surface of calcaneus of calcaneal tendon **Innervation**: Tibial nerve **Action**: Plantarflexion of ankle

Question 66

**Name this muscle.** Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

Answer 66

**Name**: Popliteus **Origin**: Lateral condyle of femur **Insertion**: Posterior surface of tibia **Innervation**: Tibial nerve **Action**: Weakly flexes knee; “unlocks” knee

Question 67

**Name this muscle.** Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

Answer 67

**Name**: Tibialis posterior **Origin**: interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia and fibula **Insertion**: navicular, cuneiform, cuboid, and bases of 2-4 metatarsals **Innervation**: Tibial nerve **Action**: plantarflexion and ankle inversion

Question 68

**Name this muscle.** Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

Answer 68

**Name**: Flexor digitorum longus **Origin**: posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line **Insertion**: base of distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits **Innervation**: Tibial nerve **Action**: Flexion of lateral 4 digits

Question 69

**Name this muscle.** Then name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

Answer 69

**Name**: Flexor hallucis longus **Origin**: posterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane **Insertion**: Base of distal phalanx of great toe **Innervation**: Tibial nerve **Action**: Flexion of great toe

Question 70

Which layer of intrinsic muscles of the foot is described below? *Flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi* A. First layer B. Second layer C. Third layer D. Fourth layer

Answer 70

C

Question 71

Which layer of intrinsic muscles of the foot is described below? *Plantar interossei, dorsal interossei* A. First layer B. Second layer C. Third layer D. Fourth layer

Answer 71

D

Question 72

Which layer of intrinsic muscles of the foot is described below? *Quadratus plantae, lumbricals* A. First layer B. Second layer C. Third layer D. Fourth layer

Answer 72

B

Question 73

Which layer of intrinsic muscles of the foot is described below? *Abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi* A. First layer B. Second layer C. Third layer D. Fourth layer

Answer 73

A

Question 74

Why are extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis not included in the four layers of intrinsic muscles of the foot?

Answer 74

They are on the dorsum of the foot

Question 75

True or false: The anterior compartment of muscles of the leg primarily plantarflex the foot.

Answer 75

**False** *Dorsiflex; the posterior compartment plantarflexes*

Question 76

Which muscles of the leg produce movements of the toes?

Answer 76

* Flexor digitorum longus (posterior, deep) * Flexor hallucis longus (posterior, deep) * Extensor digitorum longus (anterior) * Extensor hallucis longus (anterior)

Question 77

Which muscles of the leg originate from the fibula?

Answer 77

* Fibularis tertius (anterior) * Fibularis longus (lateral) * Fibularis brevis (lateral) * Soleus (posterior, superficial) * Tibialis posterior (posterior, deep) * Flexor hallucis longus (posterior, deep)

Question 78

Which muscles of the leg insert on the calcaneus?

Answer 78

* Gastrocnemus (posterior, superficial) * Soleus (posterior, superficial) * Plantaris (posterior, superficial)