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Human Anatomy > Orientation Of The Body > Flashcards

Orientation Of The Body Flashcards

1
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A

Regional anatomy is an anatomical approach based on the organization of the body into parts: head, neck, trunk (further divided into thorax, abdomen, pelvic/perineum, and back), and paired with upper and lower limbs.

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2
Q

What does regional anatomy place emphasis on?

A

Regional anatomy emphasizes relationships of various systemic structures within the region.

Each region is not an isolated part and must be put into the context of adjacent regions and of the body as a whole.

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3
Q

Why is surface anatomy an essential part of the regional approach to anatomy?

A

It provides a knowledge of what structures are visible and/or palpable in the living both at rest and in action.

The examination of patients is the clinical extension of surface anatomy.

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4
Q

What is systemic anatomy?

A

An approach to anatomy by organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions.

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5
Q

What is the integumentary system?

What is its function?

A

The integumentary system consists of the skin (integument) and its appendages, such as the hair and nails.

It provides sensory information and acts as a protective covering for the body.

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6
Q

What is the study of integument called?

A

Dermatology

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7
Q

What is the skeletal system?

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

Consists of bones and cartilage.

It provides support for the body and protects vital organs. The muscular system acts on the skeletal system to produce movements.

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8
Q

What are the two studies of the skeletal system called?

A
  1. Osteology
  2. Orthopedics
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9
Q

What is the articular system?

A

Consists of joints and their associated ligaments.

Connects to the bony parts of the skeletal system and provides the sites at which movements occur.

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10
Q

What is the study of articulations called?

A

Arthrology

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11
Q

What is the muscular system?

A

Consists of muscles that act (contract) to move or position parts of the body.

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12
Q

What is the study of muscles called?

A

Myology

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13
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia together with their motor and sensory endings).

It control and coordinate the functions of organ systems.

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14
Q

What is the study of nerves called?

A

Neurology

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15
Q

What is the circulatory system (what two systems does it contain)?

What is its function?

A

Consists of the cardiovascular system and lymphatic system

Distribute fluids within the body

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16
Q

What is the cardiovascular system?

What is its function?

A

Consists of the heart and blood vessels

Propel and conduct blood through the body

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17
Q

What is the lymphoid system?

What is its function?

A

Consists of a network of lymphatic vessels that withdraws excess tissue fluid (lymph) from the body’s interstitial (intercellular) fluid compartment, filters it through lymph nodes, and returns it to the bloodstream.

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18
Q

What is the study of the cardiovascular system called?

A

Cardiology

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19
Q

What is the digestive (alimentary) system?

What is its function?

A

Consists of the organs and glands associated with the ingestion, mastication (chewing), deglutition (swallowing), digestion and absorption of food, and the elimination of feces (solid wastes) after the nutrients have been absorbed.

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20
Q

What is the respiratory system?

What is its function?

A

Consists of the passages and lungs that supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide.

Controls the airflow through the system and produces tone, which is further modified into speech.

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21
Q

What is the study of respiratory system called?

A

Pulmonology

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22
Q

What is the urinary system?

What is its function?

A

Consists kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, what filter blood and subsequently produces transport, store and intermittently excrete liquid waste (urine).

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23
Q

What is the reproductive system?

What is its function?

A

Consists of the gonads (ovaries and testes), that produce oocytes (eggs) and sperms and the other genital organs concerned with reproduction.

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24
Q

What are 3 names for the study of the reproductive system?
HINT: 2 for women, 1 for men

A

Obstetrics and gynecology
Andrology

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25
Q

What is the endocrine system?

What is its function?

A

Consists of discrete ductless glands (e.g., thyroid) as well as cells of the intestine and blood vessel walls and specialized nerve endings that secrete hormones.

Hormones are distributed by the cardiovascular system to reach receptor organs in all parts of the body. These glands influence metabolism and coordinate and regulate other processes.

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26
Q

What is clinical (applied) anatomy?

A

An approach to anatomy that emphasizes the aspects of the structure and function of the body important in the practice of medicine, dentistry, and the allied health sciences.

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27
Q

What two approaches does clinical anatomy encompass?

A

Regional and systemic

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28
Q

Describe the anatomical position.

A
  • Head, eyes (gaze), and toes directed anteriorly
  • Upper limbs by the sides with palms facing anteriorly
  • Lower limbs close together with the feet parallel and the toes directed anteriorly
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29
Q

What are the four main anatomical planes? What is the fifth?

A
  1. Medial (median sagittal or midsagittal) plane - vertical line passing through the center of the body, splitting body into equal left and right o parts
  2. Sagittal plane - vertical planes passing through the body PARALLEL to the median plane
  3. Frontal (coronal) plane vertical plane at a right angle to the median plane; separates body into anterior and posterior planes
  4. Transverse (axial) plane - Passes through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes; cuts the body into superior and inferior parts (radiologists refer to these as transaxial planes or axial planes)

5 Oblique plane - do not align with the preceding planes

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30
Q

Define inferomedial

A

Nearer to the feet and closer to the medial plane

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31
Q

Define superolateral.

A

Nearer to the head and farther from the median plane

32
Q

Define proximal.

A

Nearer to the point of origin

33
Q

Define distal.

A

Farther from the trunk or point of origin

34
Q

Define dorsum.

A

Any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body (e.g., dorsum of the foot)

35
Q

Define sole (plantar).

A

Inferior aspect or bottom of the foot (the part in contact with the ground when standing barefoot)

36
Q

Define palm (palmar).

A

The flat aspect of the hand, excluding the five digits (opposite of the dorsum of the hand)

37
Q

Define superficial

A

Nearer to the surface

38
Q

Define intermediate

A

Between a superficial and a deep structure

39
Q

Define superior (cranial)

A

Nearer to head

40
Q

Define deep

A

Farther from the surface

41
Q

Define medial

A

Nearer to median plane

42
Q

Define lateral

A

Farther from the medial plane

43
Q

Define caudal

A

Inferior; nearer to the feet

44
Q

Define anterior

A

Ventral; nearer to the front

45
Q

Define posterior

A

Dorsal; nearer to the back

46
Q

Describe extension and flexion of the upper limb (whole limb)

A

Extension: Arm moves backward posteriorly
Flexion: Arm moves forward anteriorly

47
Q

Describe flexion and extension of the upper limb at the elbow

A

Flexion: Arm moves superiority toward to the head
Extension: Arm moves inferiorly toward the feet

48
Q

Describe extension and flexion of the lower limb at the knee

A

Extension: foot moves inferiorly toward the ground
Flexion: foot moves superiorly and posteriorly toward the glutes

49
Q

Describe extension and flexion of the spine

A

Extension: Back extends posteriorly
Flexion: Back flexes anteriorly

50
Q

Describe supination and pronation hand

A

Supination: (anatomical position)
Pronation: hand rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly

51
Q

Describe extension and flexion of wrist

A

Extension: Hand extends superiorly the wrist
Flexion: Hand flexes inferiorly at the wrist

52
Q

Describe dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

A

Dorsiflexion: (of the foot) foot flexes at the ankle so toes point superiorly
Plantarflexion: (of the foot) foot flexes at the ankle so toes point inferiorly

53
Q

Describe eversion and inversion of the foot

A

Eversion: Heel stays planted, tarsals rotate laterally
Inversion: Heel stays planted, tarsals rotate medially

54
Q

Describe abduction and adduction of the digits (2, 4, 5th digits)

A

Abduction: digits move laterally away from the 3rd digit
Adduction: digits move medially toward the 3rd digit

55
Q

Describe abduction and adduction of the upper limb

A

Abduction: Upper limb moves superolaterally
Adduction: Upper limb moves inferomedially

56
Q

Describe lateral (external) and medial (internal) rotation of the upper limb

A

Lateral: (arm returns to anatomical position) upper limb rotates at the glenohumeral joint so forearm faces from dorsal to ventral
Medial: upper limb rotates at the glenohumeral joint so forearm faces from ventral to dorsal

57
Q

Describe lateral and medial rotation of the lower limb

A

Lateral: Lower limb rotates laterally at hip so foot points outward
Medial: Lower limb rotates medially at hip so foot points inward

58
Q

Describe abduction and adduction of the lower limb

A

Abduction: Lower limb moves laterally (outward) at the hip
Adduction: Lower limb moves medially (inward) at the hip

59
Q

Describe circumduction of the lower limb

A

Circular movement of the lower limb at the hip joint

60
Q

Describe elevation and depression of the shoulders

A

Elevation: Shoulders move superiorly
Depression: Shoulders move inferiorly

61
Q

Describe protraction and retraction of the scapula

A

Protraction: Upper limb moves anteriorly drawing scapula lateral anteriorly
Retraction: Upper limb moves posteriorly drawing the scapula medial posteriorly

62
Q

Describe retrusion and protrusion of the mandible

A

Retrustion: Mandible moves posteriorly
Protrusion: Mandible moves anteriorly

63
Q

Describe lateral bending of the spine

A

The spine moves laterally toward the left or right

64
Q

Describe rotation of the neck

A

Cervical vertebrae rotate laterally or medially

65
Q

Describe rotations of the upper trunk (neck, and head)

A

Trunk rotates at lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae laterally and medially

66
Q

Describe opposition and reposition

A

Opposition: hand flexes at carpometacarpal joint of 1st digit (thumb) and flexes at metacarpophalangeal joint of the 5th digit (pinky) so 1st and 5th digits touch
Reposition: hand returns to anatomical position from opposition

67
Q

Describe abduction and adduction of the thumb

A

Abduction: Thumb abducts 90 degrees in a sagittal plane (parallel)
Adduction: Thumb adduction in a sagittal plane (parallel) back toward the palm

68
Q

Describe extension and flexion of the thumb

A

Extension: Thumb extends at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints perpendicular to hand
Flexion: Thumb extends at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints toward the palm

69
Q

Label A - G

A
70
Q

Label A - Q

A
71
Q

Label the yellow highlights

A

See image

72
Q

Label the yellow highlights

A

See image

73
Q

Abel the yellow highlights

A

See image

74
Q

Label the yellow highlights

A
75
Q

Label the yellow highlights

A
76
Q

If you have an injury to a muscle on the right side of the body, the motor deficits will be seen __________.

A

Ipsilaterally

77
Q

If you have an injury to one side of the brain, the motor deficits will be seen __________.

A

Contralaterally

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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