Upper Limb: Forearm Region Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
True or false: The radius is the laterally located long bone of the forearm.
A
True
2
Q
Which of the following are considered important bony landmarks of the radius? Select all that apply.
Head
Trochlear notch
Styloid process
Carpal articular surfaces
Radial notch
Ulnar notch
A
Head
Styloid process
Carpal articular surfaces
Ulnar notch
3
Q
Which of the following are considered important bony landmarks of the ulna? Select all that a apply.
Ulnar notch
Radial notch
Coronoid process
Greater tubercle
Tuberosity
Styloid
A
Radial notch
Coronoid process
Tuberosity
Styloid
4
Q
Which of the following bones are found in the proximal row of carpal bones? Select all that apply.
Scaphoid
Trapezium
Lunate
Pisiform
Capitate
A
Scaphoid
Lunate
Pisiform
5
Q
Which structures articulate to form the proximal radioulnar joint?
A
Head of the radius and radial notch of the ulna
6
Q
True or false: The radioulnar joints are pivot joints that allow 1 degree of freedom: pronation and supination.
A
True
7
Q
True or false: During the movement of pronation the radius will cross over the ulna.
A
True
8
Q
True or false: The radiocarpal joint is a condyloid joint that allows one degree of freedom: flexion and extension.
A
False
9
Q
Which tendons are easily palpated as they cross the anterior aspect of the wrist? Select all that apply.
Flexor capri radialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Palmaris longus
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis
A
Flexor capri radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis
10
Q
True or false: The thickening of the antebrachial fascia across the anterior aspect of the wrist forms the flexor retinaculum.
A
True
11
Q
Which muscles are contained in the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm? Select all that apply.
Flexor digitorum profundus
Pronator qadratus
Pronator teres
Palmaris longus
Flexor digitorum superficialis
A
Pronator teres
Palmaris longus
12
Q
Which of the following muscles originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus? Select all that apply.
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor capri ulnaris
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Palmaris longus
A
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor capri ulnaris
Palmaris longus
13
Q
Which of the following muscles will insert onto a metacarpal bone? Select all that apply.
Flexor capri radialis
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Pronator quadratus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Pronator teres
A
Flexor capri radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
14
Q
Which of the following muscles will flex the digits of the hand? Select all that apply.
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor capri radialis
A
Flexor digitorum superficialis
15
Q
Which of the following muscles is innervated by the ulnar nerve?
A. Flexor carpi ulnaris
B. Flexor carpi radialis
C. Palmaris longus
D. Flexor pollicis longus
A
A
16
Q
Which of the following structures forms the lateral border of the cubital fossa?
A. Imaginary line between epicondyles
B. Brachioradialis
C. Pronator teres
A
B
17
Q
What structures travel through the cubital fossa? Select all that apply.
Terminal end of brachial artery
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
Proximal parts of ulnar and radial arteries
Biceps tendon
A
Terminal end of brachial artery
Median nerve
Proximal parts of ulnar and radial arteries
Biceps tendon
18
Q
Which of the following structures forms the medial boundary of the cubital fossa?
A. Cubital retinaculum
B. Medial epicondyle
C. Olecranon
A
B
19
Q
True or false: The median nerve travels through the cubital tunnel.
A
False
The ulnar nerve does!
20
Q
The median nerve travels between which two muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm?
A. Pronator teres and flexor pollicis longus
B. Flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus
C. Flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus
A
B
21
Q
True or false: The median nerve gives off a deep branch called the anterior interosseous nerve.
A
True
22
Q
True or false: The ulnar nerve will provide motor innervation to the major of muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm.
A
False
It is the median nerve!
23
Q
Which of the following nerves supply the skin of the anterior aspect of the forearm? Select all that apply.
Medial antebrachial cutaneous
Ulnar
Median
Lateral antebrachial cutaneous
A
Medial antebrachial cutaneous
Lateral antebrachial cutaneous
24
Q
True or false: The common interosseous artery is a branch of the radial artery.
A
False
Branch of ulnar artery
25
True or false: The cubital anastomosis is formed by the branches of brachial, ulnar, and radial arteries.
True
26
Which of the following arteries contributes to the formation of the cubital anastomosis? Select all that apply.
Ulnar collaterals (superior and inferior)
Radial and medial collaterals
Recurrent interosseous
Anterior interosseous
Radial recurrent
Ulnar collaterals (superior and inferior)
Radial and medial collaterals
Recurrent interosseous
Radial recurrent
27
All of the following are true of the proximal radioulnar joint **EXCEPT**:
A. Its key ligament is the annular ligament which wraps completely around the head of the radius.
B. It is a synovial pivot joint
C. The joint allows for supination and pronation of the forearm
D. The joint articular the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius
D
D describes the **distal** radioulnar joint of the forearm.
28
True or false: In the anterior portion of the forearm, the superficial and deep layers are mostly innervated by the axillary nerve.
False
Median nerve innervates the superficial and deep layers of the forearm.
Axillary nerve innervates the deltoid and teres minor.
29
What muscles are part of the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm. Select all that apply.
Pronator quadratus
Palmaris longus
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor digitorum profundus
Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
30
What movement of the wrist is associated with ulnar deviation?
Adduction
31
What movement of the wrist is associated with radial deviation?
A**b**duction
32
True or false: All bones in the proximal row of the carpals contribute to the radioulnar joint.
FALSE
Only the Scaphoid, lunate, and triquitral bones; the pisiform is a sesamoid bone that does **not** articulate with the radius.
33
True or false: The radial head is proximal.
True!
*And it articulates with the radial notch of the ulna*
34
True or false: The ulnar head is proximal.
FASLE!
It is **distal**, closer to the wrist, and it articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius
35
If you have an injury to the anterior interosseous nerve, what would happen when the client goes to make an “OK” sign with their hand?
The DIP of thumb and PIP of digits would not be able to flex (would not be able to touch finger tips together)
**DIP**: distal interphalangeal joint
**PIP**: proximal interphalangeal joint
36
What are the 8 carpal bones from proximal to distal (lateral to medial)?
**Proximal**: Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
**Distal**: Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
*Remember*: “Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle”
37
What is the name of the structure that separates the anterior and posterior structures of the forearm?
Interosseous membrane
38
What bones articulate with the radius to form the radiocarpal joint?
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum
39
True or false: The distal radioulnar joint is formed by the articulations of the head of the radius with the radial notch of the ulna.
FALSE
**Proximal radioulnar joint**: Head of radius and radial notch of ulna
**Distal radioulnar joint**: Head of ulna and ulna notch of radius
40
True or false: The radius rotates over the fixed ulna.
True
41
True or false: The radiocarpal joint is a saddle type of synovial joint.
FALSE
Condyloid type
42
Which joint is formed by the articulations between the proximal and distal row of carpal bones?
Midcarpal joint (MC joint)
43
Which joint is formed by the articulations of adjacent carpal bones?
Intercarpal joint (IC joint)
44
What is a colles fracture?
Fracture of the distal end of the radius
45
What is a “pulled elbow”? How is this different from a dislocation?
Pulled elbow is also known as *elbow subluxation*; caused by sudden jerking of the upper limb while arm is pronated; causes a tear in the annular ligament and the radius will move **distally** out of ligament
If the radius moves **laterally**, that is a *dislocation*.
46
What are the important bony landmarks of the radius and ulna?
**Radius**: ulnar notch, radial tuberosity, styloid process, articular surfaces
**Ulna**: radial notch, styloid process, ulnar tuberosity, trochlear notch, coronoid process, olecranon
47
What ligament forms a ring that encircled the head of the radius?
Annular ligament
48
The median nerve innervates all the flexor pronator of the anterior forearm except which two muscles?
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum profundus (1/2 innervated by median and 1/2 ulnar)
49
Which muscles make up the superficial layer of the flexor pronators of the anterior forearm?
Pronator teres
flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
flexor carpi ulnaris
50
Which muscles make up the intermediate layer of the flexor pronators of the anterior forearm?
Flexor digitorum suerficialis
51
Which muscles make up the deep layer of the flexor pronators of the anterior forearm?
Flexor digitrum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus
52
What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
**NAME**: Pronator teres
**ORIGIN**: *Humeral head*-medial epicondyle of humerus; *ulnar head*-coronoid process of ulna
**INSERTION**: midway along lateral surface of radius
**INNERVATION**: median nerve
**ACTION**: pronates forearm and flexes elbow
53
What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
**NAME**: Flexor carpi radialis
**ORIGIN**: medial epicondyle of humerus
**INSERTION**: base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals
**INNERVATION**: median nerve
**ACTION**: flexes and abducts (radially deviates) wrist joint
54
What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
**NAME**: Palmaris longus
**ORIGIN**: medial epicondyle of humerus
**INSERTION**: palmar aponeurosis
**INNERVATION**: median nerve
**ACTION**: flexes wrist and tightens palmar aponeurosis
55
What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
**NAME**: Flexor carpi ulnaris
**ORIGIN**: *humeral head*-medial epicondyle of humerus; *ulnar head*-posterior border of ulna and olecranon
**INSERTION**: pisiform, hook of hamate, 5th metacarpal
**INNERVATION**: ulnar nerve
**ACTION**: flexes and adducts (ulnar deviation) wrist
56
What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
**NAME**: Flexor pollicis longus
**ORIGIN**: anterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane
**INSERTION**: base of distal phalanx of thumb
**INNERVATION**: anterior interosseous nerve (median nerve)
**ACTION**: flexes interphalangeal (IP) joint primarily, and MP joints of thumb; can assist with wrist flexion
57
What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
**NAME**: Flexor digitorum superficialis
**ORIGIN**: *humeral head*-medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna; *radial head*-superior half of anterior radius
**INSERTION**: bodies of middle phalanges of medial 4 digits
**INNERVATION**: median nerve
**ACTION**: flexes proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of digits; assists with wrist flexion
58
What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
**NAME**: Pronator quadratus
**ORIGIN**: Distal 1/4 of anterior surface of ulna
**INSERTION**: distal 1/4 anterior surface of radius
**INNERVATION**: anterior interosseous nerve (Median nerve)
**ACTION**: pronates forearm; deep fibers bind radius and ulna together
59
What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
**NAME**: Flexor digitorum profundus
**ORIGIN**: medial and anterior surfaces of proximal 3/4 of ulna and interosseous membrane
**INSERTION**: bases of distal phalanges of medial 4 digits
**INNERVATION**: *medial part*-ulnar nerve; *lateral part*-anterior interosseous nerve (branch of median nerve)
**ACTION**: flexes distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint of digits; assists with wrist flexion
60
What are the important muscular landmarks of the proximal forearm?
Flexor carpi radialis, Palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, pronator teres
61
What tendons can be seen crossing the anterior aspect of the wrist?
Flexor capri radialis, Palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis
62
Which muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm produce their actions on the radioulnar joints?
Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, prontaor teres, pronator quadratus
63
What is the only muscle in the anterior compartment of the forearm to act on the thumb?
Flexor pollicis longus
64
What are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?
Imaginary lie between epicondyles
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres
Brachialis
Supinator
Fascia and skin
65
What neurovascular structures transition through the cubital fossa?
Ulnar artery
Radial artery
Accompanying veins
Median nerve
Radial nerve (divisions into superficial sensory and deep branches)
Biceps tendon
66
What is the difference between the cubital fossa and the cubital tunnel in regard to location?
Cubital fossa: anterior
Cubital tunnel: medial aspect of elbow
67
What transmits through the cubital tunnel?
Ulnar nerve
68
What are the boundaries of the cubital tunnel?
Cubital retinaculum
Ulnar collateral ligament (medial collateral ligament)
Elbow joint capsule
Medial epicondyle
Olecranon
69
What two nerves supply motor innervation to the anterior forearm?
Median and ulnar nerves
70
What two nerves supply sensory innervation of the anterior forearm?
Lateral antebrachial cutaneous (muscuolocutaneous nerve) - lateral aspect of forearm
Medial antebrachial cutaneous (from medial cord of brachial plexus) - supplies skin of medial aspect of forearm
71
Blood supply to the forearm arises from which two main arteries?
Ulnar and radial arteries
72
What are the key branches of the **ulnar** artery in the forearm?
Ulnar recurrent
Common interosseous: anterior and posterior interosseous, recurrent interosseous
Carpal branches
73
What are the key branches of the **radial** artery in the forearm?
Radial recurrent
Carpal branches
74
What is medial epicondylitis?
“Golfers elbow”; repetitive use of flexor pronators (anterior forearm muscles); gripping fingers, flexing wrist—symptoms include tenderness over the medial epicondyle, pain on the medial side of the arm, numbness or tingling in the 4th and 5th digits
75
Pronator teres syndrome and anterior interosseous syndrome are two ____________ injuries or entrapment syndromes impacting this nerve’s distribution.
Median (nerve)
76
What is cubital tunnel syndrome?
Entrapment of the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel; sensory and motor impairments in the distribution of the ulnar nerve
77
Which muscles will the median nerve travel between as it courses through the forearm?
Flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus
78
Which muscles will the ulnar nerve travel between as it courses through the forearm?
Flexor digitorum profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris
79
True or false: The movements that are possible at the radiocarpal joint include: flexion/extension; radial and ulnar deviation; and circumduction.
True
80
Which of the following movements is possible at the carpometacarpal (CM) joint of the thumb? Select all that apply.
Radial and ulnar deviation
Opposition and reposition
Flexion and extension
Abduction and adduction
Internal and external rotation
Opposition and reposition
Flexion and extension
Abduction and adduction
81
Which of the following ligaments provides support to the distal radioulnar joint?
A. Palmar radio-ulnar ligaments
B. Radial collateral ligament
C. Dorsal radiocarpal ligaments
A
82
Which of the following ligaments prevents excessive radial deviation?
A. Radial collateral ligament
B. Ulnar collateral ligament
C. Palmar radiocarpal ligament
B
83
Which of the following ligaments will prevent excessive wrist extension? Select all that apply.
Ulnar collateral
Dorsal radiocarpal
Palmar radiocarpal
Dorsal ulnocarpal
Palmar ulnocarpal
Palmar radiocarpal
Palmar ulnocarpal
84
Which tendons form the anterior border of the anatomical snuff box? Select all that apply.
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor indicis
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
85
Which of the following muscles has an origin point from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus? Select all that apply.
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digiti minimi
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor digitorum
86
Which of the following muscles will extend and radial deviate the wrist joint?
A. Supinator
B. Brachioradialis
C. Extensor carpi ulnaris
D. Extensor carpi radialis
D
87
Which of the following muscles inserts into the extensor expansion of the 2nd digit (index finger)?
A. Extensor indicis
B. Extensor digitorum
C. Extensor digiti minimi
D. Extensor pollicis longus
A
88
Which of the following muscles is a muscle of the deep layer of the forearm? Select all that apply.
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
89
Which of the following muscles inserts onto the base of the first metacarpal bone?
A. Abductor pollicis longus
B. Extensor pollicis longus
C. Extensor pollicis brevis
A
90
Which of the following tendons is contained in the 3rd dorsal compartment?
A. Extensor pollicis brevis
B. Extensor digiti minimi
C. Extensor pollicis longus
C
91
Which compartment contains the tendons of the extensor digitorum and extensor indicis?
4th dorsal compartment
92
Which ligaments prevent excessive ulnar and radial deviation, respectively?
**Ulnar collateral ligament**: limits radial deviation (abduction)
**Radial collateral ligament**: limits ulnar deviation (adduction)
93
Which muscle tendons form the boundaries of the anatomical snuff box?
**Anteriorly**: Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis
**Posteriorly**: Extensor pollicis longus
94
Which muscle of the posterior compartment produces elbow flexion?
Brachioradialis
95
Which muscles of the posterior compartment are innervated by the PIN?
**Superficial**: Extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris
**Deep**: abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indicis
96
How many muscles of 9 posterior forearm muscles produce motions at the thumb?
3
97
How many dorsal compartments contain more than one muscle tendon? Which compartments are they?
Three compartments; 1st, 2nd, and 4th compartments
98
Which ligaments prevent excessive ulnar and radial deviation at the wrist respectively?
Ulnar collateral and radial collateral ligaments
99
Which muscles of the posterior compartment produce elbow flexion?
1 - Brachioradialis; all others that act on the elbow produce extension!
100
Which muscles form the part of the lateral boundary of the radial tunnel? Select all that apply.
Brachioradialis
Biceps
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Supinator
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
101
True or false: The radial nerve will divide into a superficial and deep branch at the level of the cubital fossa.
True
102
The deep branch of the radial nerve supplies which of the following muscles? Select all that apply.
Brachioradialis
Supinator
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Supinator
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
103
Which of the following muscles are supplied by the PIN? Select all that apply.
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor indicis
Abductor pollicis longus
All of the above!
104
True or false: The superficial branch of the radial nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve.
False
105
Which of the following nerves supplies the skin of the posterolateral aspects of the arm?
A. Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve
B. Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve
C. Posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve
B
The **lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve** supplies the posterolateral aspects of the forearm, whereas the **medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve** supplies the posteromedial aspects of the forearm. The **posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve** supplies the skin along the midline.
106
True or false: The posterior interosseous artery is a branch of the radial artery.
False
It’s a branch of the **ulnar** artery.
107
Which of the following receives its blood from the radial recurrent artery? Select all that apply.
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
108
What posterior forearm muscles make up the superficial layer?
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
109
What posterior forearm muscles make up the deep layer?
Supinator
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
110
Which is the only posterior forearm muscle to supinate the forearm?
Supinator
111
Which is the only posterior forearm muscle to flex the elbow?
Brachioradialis
112
What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
**NAME**: Brachioradialis
**ORIGIN**: proximal 2/3 of the lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
**INSERTION**: lateral surface of distal end of the radius (proximal to radial Styloid)
**INNERVATION**: radial nerve proper
**ACTION**: flexes elbow weakly; maximum action when forearm is in mid-position
113
What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
**NAME**: Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU)
**ORIGIN**: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of the ulna
**INSERTION**: base of the 5th metacarpal
**INNERVATION**: PIN
**ACTION**: extends and adducts (ulnar deviation) the wrist joint
114
What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
**NAME**: Extensor digitorum (ED)
**ORIGIN**: lateral epicondyle of humerus and deep fascia of forearm
**INSERTION**: extensor expansions of the medial four digits (index to pinky)
**INNERVATION**: PIN
**ACTION**: extends the MP joint of the digits and secondarily extends IP joints; extends the wrist
115
What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
**NAME**: Extensor capri radialis brevis (ECRB)
**ORIGIN**: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
**INSERTION**: base of the 3rd metacarpal
**INNERVATION**: deep branch of radial nerve
**ACTION**: extends and adducts (radial deviation) the wrist joint
116
What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
**NAME**: Extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL)
**ORIGIN**: lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus
**INSERTION**: base of the 2nd metacarpal
**INNERVATION**: radial nerve proper
**ACTION**: extends and abducts (radial deviation) the wrist
117
What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
**NAME**: Extensor digiti minimi (EDM)
**ORIGIN**: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
**INSERTION**: extensor expansion of the 5th digit (pinky)
**INNERVATION**: PIN
**ACTION**: extends the MP joints of the digits and secondarily extends IP joints of the 5th digit; extends wrist
118
What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
**NAME**: Extensor indicis (EI)
**ORIGIN**: posterior surface of distal 1/3 of ulna and interosseous membrane
**INSERTION**: extensor expansion of 2nd digit (index)
**INNERVATION**: PIN
**ACTION**: extends MP and IP joints of index finger; assists in wrist extension
119
What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
**NAME**: Extensor pollicis longus (EPL)
**ORIGIN**: posterior surface of middle 1/3 of ulna and interosseous membrane
**INSERTION**: base of distal phalanx of thumb (dorsal aspect)
**INNERVATION**: PIN
**ACTION**: extends MP and IP joints of thumb; assists with wrist extension
120
What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
**NAME**: Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB)
**ORIGIN**: posterior surface of the distal 1/3 of the radius and interosseous membrane
**INSERTION**: base of the proximal phalanx of thumb (dorsal aspect)
**INNERVATION**: PIN
**ACTION**: extends CM and MP joints of the thumb; assists with wrist extension
121
What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
**NAME**: Abductor pollicis longus (APL)
**ORIGIN**: posterior surface of ulna, radius, no interosseous membrane
**INSERTION**: base of the 1st metacarpal (lateral aspect)
**INNERVATION**: PIN
**ACTION**: abducts and extends the CM joint of the thumb; assist with wrist extension
122
What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.
**NAME**: Supinator
**ORIGIN**: lateral epicondyle of humerus; “supinator ridge” (below radial notch of ulna; posterior surface)
**INSERTION**: lateral, posterior, and anterior surfaces of proximal 1/3 of radius
**INNERVATION**: deep branch of radial nerve
**ACTION**: supinates forearm
123
The deep branch and PIN branches of the radial nerve are innervated by the root of which two spinal nerves?
C8, T1
124
The deep muscles of the posterior forearm are all innervated by ___________ (except the supinator, which is innervated by __________).
Posterior interosseous nerve (PIN)
Deep branch of radial nerve
125
What neurovascular structure is transmitted through the radial tunnel?
Deep branch of the radial nerve
126
What are the boundaries of the radial tunnel?
**Lateral**: Brachioradialis, extensor capris radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis
**Medial**: Tendon of biceps, brachialis
**Roof**: radial recurrent vessels (leash of Henry) and superficial layer of supinator
**Floor**: joint capsule of humero-radial joint and deep layer of supinator
127
The radial nerve supplies which two muscles of the posterior forearm?
Brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus
128
The deep branch of the radial nerve supplies which two muscles of the posterior forearm?
Extensor carpi radialis brevis, supinator
129
True or false: The superficial branch of the ulnar nerve supplies some muscles of the posterior forearm.
FALSE
It is purely sensory
130
Which antebrachial cutaneous branch supplies the skin along the midline of the posterior forearm?
Posterior antebrachial cutaneous
131
Which antebrachial cutaneous branch supplies the skin along the lateral aspect of the posterior forearm?
Lateral antebrachial cutaneous
132
Which antebrachial cutaneous branch supplies the skin along the medial aspect of the posterior forearm?
Medial antebrachial cutaneous
133
The radial recurrent artery supplies which four muscles? Which artery supplies all the others?
**Radial recurrent supplies:**
Brachioradialis
Supinator
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
**Posterior interosseous** supplies all others
134
True or false: the cubital anastomoses is formed by branches of the brachial and radial arteries only.
False
Brachial, radial, AND ulnar arteries
135
What brachial, ulnar, and radial branches form the cubital anastomoses?
**Brachial**: ulnar collaterals (superior and inferior), radial collateral, middle collateral
**Ulnar**: ulnar recurrent (anterior and posterior), recurrent interosseous
**Radial**: radial recurrent
136
What is lateral epicondylitis?
“Tennis elbow”; occurs with repetitive use of wrist extensors; causes tendonitis and inflammation around common origin of lateral epicondyle
137
What is a key feature of a radial nerve injury?
Wrist drop
138
Why is wrist drop seen with a radial nerve injury?
The wrist extensors are not working, so the wrist “drops” into flexion
139
What is PIN syndrome?
Compressive neuropathy of the PIN; impacts nerve supply to forearm muscles. You’ll see weakness of finger and thumb extension, wrist extension, and wrist extension will be weak in radial deviation but NOT in ulnar deviation (because it’s a branch of the radial nerve)
140
What is De Quervain’s syndrome?
Tendonitis and inflammation of the 1st dorsal compartment (abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus); repetitive use from excessive extension and abduction of the thumb
141
What is intersection syndrome?
Inflammation at the crossing point of the 1st and 2nd dorsal compartments; caused by repetitive use/wrist extension. There is pain over the dorsal forearm and wrist and tenderness on dorsal forearm near wrist.
142
Where does the radial nerve divide into a superficial and deep branch?
Cubital fossa
143
When does the deep branch of the radial nerve become the PIN?
After it penetrates the supinator muscle
144
What branch of the radial nerve provides motor innervation to a majority of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm?
posterior interosseous nerve (PIN)
145
What nerves provide sensory innervation to the posterior aspect of the forearm?
Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve
Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve
Posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve
146
Which arteries supply the muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Posterior interosseous artery
Radial recurrent artery
147
The extensor-supinator muscles of the posterior forearm are predominately innervated by:
A. Ulnar nerve
B. Radial nerve
C. Median nerve
D. Axillary nerve
B
148
The flexor-pronator muscles of the anterior forearm are predominately innervated by:
A. Ulnar nerve
B. Radial nerve
C. Median nerve
D. Axillary nerve
C
149
Which muscles of the flexor-pronator group are NOT fully innervated by the median nerve? Select all that apply
A. Flexor digitorum profundus
B. Flexor digitorum superficialis
C. Flexor carpi radialis
D. Flexor carpi ulnaris
E. Palmaris longus
F.Pronator teres
**BONUS**: What are they innervated by?
A and D
**BONUS**: Ulnar nerve (FDP is 1/2 by ulnar)
150
Which muscles of the extensor-supinator group are innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve? Select all that apply
A. Brachioradialis
B. Extensor carpi radialis longus
C. Extensor carpi radialis brevis
D. Extensor pollicis longus
E. Extensor pollicis brevis
F. Supinator
C and F
151
Which muscles of the extensor-supinator group are innervated by the radial nerve proper? Select all that apply
A. Brachioradialis
B. Extensor carpi radialis longus
C. Extensor carpi radialis brevis
D. Extensor pollicis longus
E. Extensor pollicis brevis
F. Supinator
A and B
152
The following tendon/s are a part of which dorsal compartment?
*extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis*
A. 1st dorsal compartment
B. 2nd dorsal compartment
C. 3rd dorsal compartment
D. 4th dorsal compartment
E. 5th dorsal compartment
F. 6th dorsal compartment
B
153
The following tendon/s are a part of which dorsal compartment?
*extensor digitorum, extensor indicis*
A. 1st dorsal compartment
B. 2nd dorsal compartment
C. 3rd dorsal compartment
D. 4th dorsal compartment
E. 5th dorsal compartment
F. 6th dorsal compartment
D
154
The following tendon/s are a part of which dorsal compartment?
*extensor digiti minimi*
A. 1st dorsal compartment
B. 2nd dorsal compartment
C. 3rd dorsal compartment
D. 4th dorsal compartment
E. 5th dorsal compartment
F. 6th dorsal compartment
E
155
The following tendon/s are a part of which dorsal compartment?
*abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis*
A. 1st dorsal compartment
B. 2nd dorsal compartment
C. 3rd dorsal compartment
D. 4th dorsal compartment
E. 5th dorsal compartment
F. 6th dorsal compartment
A
156
The following tendon/s are a part of which dorsal compartment?
*extensor pollicis longus*
A. 1st dorsal compartment
B. 2nd dorsal compartment
C. 3rd dorsal compartment
D. 4th dorsal compartment
E. 5th dorsal compartment
F. 6th dorsal compartment
C
157
The following tendon/s are a part of which dorsal compartment?
*extensor carpi ulnaris*
A. 1st dorsal compartment
B. 2nd dorsal compartment
C. 3rd dorsal compartment
D. 4th dorsal compartment
E. 5th dorsal compartment
F. 6th dorsal compartment
F
158
Tendonitis of the 1st dorsal compartment is called…
A. Intersection syndrome
B. Cubital tunnel syndrome
C. Carpal tunnel syndrome
D. De Quervain’s syndrome
D
159
Inflammation at the crossing of the 1st and 2nd dorsal compartments of the wrist is called…
A. Intersection syndrome
B. Cubital tunnel syndrome
C. Carpal tunnel syndrome
D. De Quervain’s syndrome
A
160
The following describes which syndrome?
*Compressive neuropathy of the radial nerve causing pain in the posterior forearm*
A. Pronator teres syndrome
B. Cubital tunnel syndrome
C. Carpal tunnel syndrome
D. Anterior interosseus syndrome
E. Radial tunnel syndrome
F. PIN syndrome
G. Ulnar canal syndrome
E
161
The following describes which syndrome?
*Sensory impairments in the medial 1 and 1/2 digits; weakness of intrinsic muscles of the hand presenting as a clawing of the 4th and 5th digits*
A. Pronator teres syndrome
B. Cubital tunnel syndrome
C. Carpal tunnel syndrome
D. Anterior interosseus syndrome
E. Radial tunnel syndrome
F. PIN syndrome
G. Ulnar canal syndrome
G
162
The following describes which syndrome?
*Sensory impairments of the lateral 3.5 digits; progressive loss of coordination and strength in thumb; pain and tingling of the hand*
A. Pronator teres syndrome
B. Cubital tunnel syndrome
C. Carpal tunnel syndrome
D. Anterior interosseus syndrome
E. Radial tunnel syndrome
F. PIN syndrome
G. Ulnar canal syndrome
C
163
The following describes which syndrome?
*Weakness in finger and thumb extension and wrist extension weak in radial deviation*
A. Pronator teres syndrome
B. Cubital tunnel syndrome
C. Carpal tunnel syndrome
D. Anterior interosseus syndrome
E. Radial tunnel syndrome
F. PIN syndrome
G. Ulnar canal syndrome
F
164
The following describes which syndrome?
*Pain and parathesia in the volar aspects of the elbow and forearm and in digits 1-3 and lateral 1/2 of 4th*
A. Pronator teres syndrome
B. Cubital tunnel syndrome
C. Carpal tunnel syndrome
D. Anterior interosseus syndrome
E. Radial tunnel syndrome
F. PIN syndrome
G. Ulnar canal syndrome
A
165
The following describes which syndrome?
*Motor weakness impacting deep muscles of forearm; unable to pinch index and thumb*
A. Pronator teres syndrome
B. Cubital tunnel syndrome
C. Carpal tunnel syndrome
D. Anterior interosseus syndrome
E. Radial tunnel syndrome
F. PIN syndrome
G. Ulnar canal syndrome
D
166
The following describes which syndrome?
*Sensory and motor impairments impacting the distribution of the ulnar nerve due to entrapment*
A. Pronator teres syndrome
B. Cubital tunnel syndrome
C. Carpal tunnel syndrome
D. Anterior interosseus syndrome
E. Radial tunnel syndrome
F. PIN syndrome
G. Ulnar canal syndrome
B
167
Label each of the following descriptions with YES or NO if they would be seen clinically with a median nerve injury at the elbow.
1. Loss of sensory innervation
2. Loss of supination
3. Weakness of radial deviation
4. Weakness of wrist extension
5. Weakness of flexion of MP and IP joints
6. Loss of thumb opposition
7. Loss of ulnar deviation
1. Yes
2. No
3. Yes
4. No
5. Yes
6. Yes
7. No
168
Label each of the following descriptions with YES or NO if they would be seen clinically with an anterior interosseous nerve injury.
1. Loss of extension of IP joint
2. Loss of pronation
3. Weakened pronation
4. Loss of sensation
5. Weakened MP and DIP flexion
1. No
2. No
3. Yes
4. No
5. Yes
169
Label each of the following descriptions with YES or NO if they would be seen clinically with a ulnar nerve compression at the cubital tunnel.
1. Weak thumb flexion
2. Loss of pinky opposition
3. Weakness of wrist flexion
4. Weakness of MP joint flexion
5. Weakness of IP extension of 4th and 5th digits
6. Weak ulnar deviation
7. Weakness in finger flexion
8. Impaired sensation of the hand
1. No
2. Yes
3. No
4. No
5. Yes
6. Yes
7. No
8. Yes
170
Label each of the following descriptions with YES or NO if they would be seen clinically with a ulnar nerve compression at the ulnar canal.
1. Weak thumb flexion
2. Loss of pinky opposition
3. Weakness of wrist flexion
4. Weakness of MP joint flexion
5. Weakness of IP extension of 4th and 5th digits
6. Weak ulnar deviation
7. Weakness in pinky flexion
8. Impaired sensation in the hand
1. No
2. Yes
3. No
4. No
5. No
6. No
7. No
8. Yes
