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Basic Human Pathology 2 > Lower Urinary Tract + Male Genital Tract > Flashcards

Lower Urinary Tract + Male Genital Tract Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

what is the most common cause of hydronephrosis in infants and children

A

ureteropelvic junction obstruction

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2
Q

who is most commonly affected by a fibroepithelial ureteral polyp

A

children

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3
Q

what is the most common primary malignant tumor of the ureter

A

urothelial carcinoma

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4
Q

what is exstrophy of the bladder

A

anterior wall of abdomen and bladder fail to develop so the bladder is open to the outside world

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5
Q

what can exstrophy of the bladder increase your risk for

A

adenocarcinoma of the bladder

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6
Q

what is the gross appearance of interstitial cystitis

A

mucosal fissures and punctate hemorrhages

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7
Q

what is malakoplakia of the bladder

A

chronic inflammatory reaction of the bladder
common in renal transplant cases and immunocompromised patients

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8
Q

what are Michaelis-Gutmann bodies

A

laminated mineralized concretions resulting from deposition of calcium in enlarged lysosomes

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9
Q

in which condition would you see Michaelis-Gutmann bodies

A

malakoplakia

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10
Q

which stain is used to look for Michaelis-Gutmann bodies

A

Van Kossa stain

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11
Q

what is polypoid cystitis

A

polypoid, inflammatory lesion due to irritation of the bladder mucosa (catheterization)

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12
Q

what is the difference between the von Brunn nests in cystitis glandularis and cystitis cystica

A

cystitis glandularis: nest cells are cuboidal or columnar
cystitis cystica: nest cells become flattened

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13
Q

which condition of the bladder is most common in renal transplant recipients

A

nephrogenic adenoma

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14
Q

what are the two main categories of bladder malignancy

A

epithelial and mesenchymal

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15
Q

which category of bladder malignancy is most common

A

epithelial

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16
Q

who, females or males, is most at risk for bladder malignancy

A

males

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17
Q

what is the number one risk factor of bladder malignancy

A

smoking

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18
Q

what are the two main types of urothelial tumors

A

papillary urothelial neoplasms and carcinoma in situ

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19
Q

which two gene mutations can lead to papillary urothelial neoplasms

A

RAS and FGFR3

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20
Q

which two genes mutations can lead to carcinoma in situ of the bladder

A

TP53 and RB

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21
Q

which, papillary urothelial neoplasms or carcinoma in situ of the bladder, is more invasive

A

carcinoma in situ

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22
Q

what is the most important factor in staging bladder malignancy

A

invasion - size does not matter

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23
Q

what are the two main types of mesenchymal bladder tumors

A

benign (leiomyoma) and sarcomas

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24
Q

what are the four main types of bladder malignancy

A

urothelial (transitional)
adenocarcinoma
SCC
mixed carcinoma

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25
what is gonococcal urethritis
gonorrhea infection of the urethra
26
what is a nongonococcal urethral infection
infection of the urethra caused by anything but gonorrhea
27
what is a urethral caruncle
small, red, painful urethral lesion
28
who is most commonly affected by urethral caruncles
post-menopausal women
29
which portion of the urethra is most commonly affected by squamous cell carcinoma
distal 1/3rd
30
what is hypospadias
abnormal opening of the urethra on the ventral surface of the penis
31
what is epispadias
abnormal opening of the urethra on the dorsal surface of the penis typically due to lack of testicular descent
32
what is phimosis
foreskin cannot be pulled back to adequately urinate or clean
33
phimosis increases your risk for what
penile carcinoma
34
what is another name for peyronie disease
induratio penis plastica
35
what is peyronie disease
benign condition where the fibrous connective tissue between the corpora cavernosa hardens
36
define balanoposthitis
inflammation of the glans and prepuce
37
what is the most common infection of the penis
syphilis
38
what is condyloma acuminatum
benign, papillary warts on the penis
39
condyloma acuminatum is most commonly caused by which strains of HPV
6 and 11
40
what is the main microscopic feature of condyloma acuminatum
koilocytosis - perinuclear cytoplasmic vacuolization
41
koilocytosis is seen in which condition
condyloma acuminatum
42
what is penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN)
carcinoma in situ of penis
43
what is Bowen disease of the penis
penile intraepithelial neoplasia that has malignant transformation potential
44
what is Bowenoid papulosis
disease common in the genitalia of young, sexually active adults similar to Bowen disease except that it automatically regresses and does not have malignant transformation potential
45
what is the gross appearance of penile intraepithelial neoplasia
cauliflower like lesions
46
what would a pT1 penile tumor involve
glans, shaft, and foreskin but not corpus spongiosum or corpora cavernosum
47
what would a pT2 penile tumor involve
tumor invades into the corpus spongiosum
48
what would a pT3 penile tumor involve
tumor invades into the corpora cavernosum
49
define synorchism
fusion of testes
50
define cryptochordism
failure of testes to descend into the scrotal sac
51
cryptochordism increases your risk for what
testicular cancer
52
which two infections most commonly affects the epididymis
gonorrhea and TB
53
which infection most commonly affects the testis
syphilis
54
what is a testicular torsion
cut off of venous drainage of the testes
55
what is a lipoma of cord
retroperitoneal fat that has been pulled into the inguinal canal along with hernia sac
56
what is an adenomatoid tumor
benign testicular tumor of mesothelial origin
57
what is the most common benign paratesticular (adnexal) tumor
adenomatoid tumor
58
what is the most malignant paratesticular tumor in adults
liposarcoma
59
what are the main two types of testicular tumors
germ cell tumors and sex cord stromal tumors
60
which, germ cell tumors or sex cord stromal tumors, are more common
germ cell tumors
61
germ cell tumors of the testicle most commonly affects males of which age range
15-45 years old
62
what is the most common type of germ cell testicular tumor
seminoma
63
which gene mutation causes a seminoma
C-KIT mutation
64
a seminoma most commonly affects males of which age range
30-40 years old
65
what is the gross appearance of a seminoma
homogenous, gray-white and lobulated
66
what is a common microscopic feature of a seminoma
polyhedral cells
67
what are the 5 main types of germ cell tumors
seminoma embryonal carcinoma choriocarcinoma yolk sac tumor teratoma
68
embryonal carcinoma most commonly affects males of which age range
20-30 years old
69
what is the gross appearance of embryonal carcinomas
variegated with hemorrhage and necrosis
70
which type of germ cell tumor has the worst prognosis
choriocarcinoma
71
what is the gross appearance of choriocarcinomas
dark red-brown and hemorrhagic
72
which two cells types are common in a choriocarcinoma
trophoblastic cells and syncytiotrophoblasts
73
what is another name for a yolk sac tumor
endodermal sinus tumor
74
what is the most common testicular tumor in infants and children up to 3 years of age
yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor)
75
what is the gross appearance of a yolk sac tumor
myxoid or gelatinous
76
which stain cause be used to differentiate yolk sac tumors
alpha-feto protein (AFP) stain
77
what are the two main types of sex cord stromal tumors
leydig cell tumors and Sertoli cell tumors
78
leydig cell tumors most commonly affect males of which age range
20 to 60 years of age
79
what would be seen on a touch prep for a leydig cell tumor
crystalloids of Reinke
80
crystalloids of Reinke are seen in which condition
leydig cell tumors
81
Sertoli cell tumors are associated with which three syndromes
carney complex peutz-jeghers syndrome FAP
82
what is an important microscopic feature of a Sertoli cell tumor
cord-like structures
83
what is the gross appearance of a leydig cell tumor
homogenous, golden-brown and lobulated
84
what is the gross appearance of a Sertoli cell tumor
firm, small nodules that are grey-white
85
testicular lymphoma most commonly affects males of which age
60 year olds
86
a pT1 testicular tumor involves what
just the testis pT1a - less than 3 cm PT1b - greater than 3 cm
87
a pT2 testicular tumor involves what
epididymis and/or tunica albuginea
88
a pT3 testicular tumor involves what
spermatic cord
89
a pT4 testicular tumor involves what
scrotum
90
define chylocele
lymph accumulation in the tunica vaginalis
91
define varicocele
dilated vein in spermatic cord
92
what is the most common form of prostatitis
chronic abacterial prostatitis
93
what is the most common benign prostatic disease in men older than 50 years of age
benign prostatic hyperplasia
94
what causes benign prostatic hyperplasia
impaired cell death
95
what is the most common form of carcinoma in men
prostate adenocarcinoma
96
prostate adenocarcinoma mostly affects men of which age range
70-80 years of age
97
most prostate adenocarcinoma cases arise from which zone of the prostate
peripheral
98
which scoring system is used for prostate adenocarcinoma
Gleason's scoring - higher the number, the worse grade
99
why is there no pTin (in-situ) or pT1 for prostate adenocarcinoma
because there is technically no basement membrane
100
what is staging of prostate based on
extension through capsule

Basic Human Pathology 2 (14 decks)

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