Ophthalmic

Question 1

define proptosis

Answer 1

forward displacement of the eyes like that seen in Graves disease

Question 1

what are the three main layers of they eye starting from superficial to deep

Answer 1

1.) sclera (white)
2.) choroid (vascular)
3.) retina

Question 2

what does OD mean in terms of the eye

Answer 2

oculus dexter - right eye

Question 3

what does OS mean in terms of the eye

Answer 3

oculus sinister - left eye

Question 4

what is the main structure used to help orient the eye

Answer 4

inferior oblique muscle - found on the inferior lateral aspect of the posterior eye

Question 5

what are the three most common types of primary, vascular tumors of the orbit

Answer 5

1.) capillary hemangioma
2.) lymphangioma
3.) cavernous hemangioma

Question 6

what is blepharitis

Answer 6

chronic inflammation and blockage of sebaceous gland at eyelid margin

Question 7

what is chalazion

Answer 7

blepharitis that causes lipid movement into the surrounding tissue, thus provoking a granulomatous response

Question 8

what is the most common malignancy of the eyelid

Answer 8

basal cell carcinoma

Question 9

what are the 5 main zones of the conjunctiva

Answer 9

1.) superior conjunctival fornix
2.) inferior conjunctival fornix
3.) bulbar conjunctiva
4.) palpebral conjunctiva
5.) limbus

Question 10

which condition can cause significant conjunctival scarring

Answer 10

long standing, untreated chlamydia trachomamtic (trachoma)

Question 11

what is a pterygium

Answer 11

fibrous bands that grow over cornea who’s origin is likely inflammatory

Question 12

what is a pinguecula

Answer 12

yellow submucosal elevations of conjunctiva caused by actinic damage

can become squamous cell carcinoma

Question 13

squamous and melanocytic neoplasms develop where in the eye

Answer 13

the limbus

Question 14

what is the most common conjunctival lesion

Answer 14

conjunctival nevus

Question 15

the sclera may appear blue in which three conditions:

Answer 15

1.) high intraocular pressure
2.) osteogenesis imperfecta
3.) recurrent scleritis

Question 16

define myopia

Answer 16

nearsightedness due to a long eyeball

Question 17

define hyperopia

Answer 17

farsightedness due to a short eyeball

Question 18

what is one of the most common eye injuries

Answer 18

abrasions

Question 19

which two infections are known to cause corneal ulceration

Answer 19

1.) herpes simplex
2.) zoster

Question 20

what are the two main types of corneal degenerations

Answer 20

1.) calcific band keratopathy
2.) actinic band keratopathy

Question 21

what is calcific band keratopathy

Answer 21

deposition of calcium in Bowman’s layer of eye

Question 22

what is actinic band keratopathy

Answer 22

aggregates on eyeball due to chronic high level UV exposure

Question 23

what is a common dystrophy of the eye

Answer 23

keratoconus - thinning, cone shaped eyeball

Question 24

keratoconus is associated with which two conditions

Answer 24

1.) Downs Syndrome 2.) Marfan Syndrome

Question 25

what is Fuchs Endothelial Dystrophy

Answer 25

loss of endothelial cells of the cornea which results in stromal edema and bulbous keratopathy treated with a corneal transplant

Question 26

cataracts are associated with which four conditions

Answer 26

1.) diabetes mellitus 2.) Wilson disease 3.) radiation 4.) trauma

Question 27

what is the most common cause of cataracts

Answer 27

aging - cause nuclear sclerosis

Question 28

what is the most common cause of glaucoma

Answer 28

increase in ocular pressure

Question 29

what is a common complication of uveitis

Answer 29

sarcoidosis

Question 30

what it the most common intraocular malignancy of adults

Answer 30

metastasis (typically choroid) to the uvea (uveal melanoma)

Question 31

what is the most common cause of retinal detachment

Answer 31

tumor

Question 32

the eye (specifically the lens and iris) is profoundly affected by which condition

Answer 32

diabetes mellitus

Question 33

what are cotton-wool spots

Answer 33

infarcts due to the occlusion of vessels within the eye as a complication of diabetes mellitus

Question 34

cotton-wool spots are seen in which condition

Answer 34

diabetes mellitus

Question 35

what is the most common primary intraocular malignancy of children

Answer 35

retinoblastoma

Question 36

what are the two histologic hallmarks of a retinoblastoma

Answer 36

1.) flexner-wintersteiner rossettes 2.) homer wright rosettes

Question 37

what is the gross appearance of a retinoblastoma

Answer 37

chalky calcifications with yellow necrotic areas

Question 38

how long should you fix an eye specimen for

Answer 38

48 hours

Question 39

what are the ends of an eye specimen called

Answer 39

calotte

Question 40

what is the name for the upper outer quadrant of the eye

Answer 40

superotemporal quadrant

Question 41

what is the name for the lower outer quadrant of the eye

Answer 41

inferotemporal quadrant

Question 42

what is the name for the upper inner quadrant of the eye

Answer 42

superonasal quadrant

Question 43

what is the name for the lower inner quadrant of the eye

Answer 43

inferonasal quadrant

Question 44

what is important to note about an eye tumor because it must be included in the Pathologists' report

Answer 44

the location (use quadrants)

Question 45

what is the CPT code for the eye

Answer 45

88307