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BMS100 test 1 > lung exam > Flashcards

lung exam Flashcards

1
Q

nasal cavity`

A

warm and moisten air

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2
Q

nasopharynx

A

back of nose and throat; leads to larynx

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3
Q

larynx

A

cartilage, contains vocal folds

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4
Q

trachea

A

midline, non-paired conducting airway

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5
Q

bronchi

A

branching airways with variable cartilage

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6
Q

bronchioles

A

branching airways, no cartilage, surrounded by smooth muscle

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7
Q

alveoli

A

balloons, site of gas exchange (pulmonary microvasculature)

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8
Q

right vs left lung lobes

A

right: 3 lobes; superior, middle, inferior

left: 2 lobes, superior and inferior

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9
Q

cardiac notch

A

space in left lung for the heart

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10
Q

what type of airway/zone is ventilation?

A

conduction zone/ airway

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11
Q

what type of airway/zone is diffusion?

A

respiratory or change zone / exhaling airways

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12
Q

what moves the gas in ventilation/ conducting airway

A

pressure gradients

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13
Q

what moves the gas in diffusion/ exchange airway

A

concentration gradients

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14
Q

ventilation; what’s happening in the pressure gradients

A

skeletal muscles change volume of thoracic cavity –> pressure changes –> air movement through conducting airways

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15
Q

which structures are for ventilation

A

nasopharyngeal –> terminal bronchiole

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16
Q

which structures are for diffusion

A

respiratory bronchiole –> alveoli

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17
Q

diffusion; what’s happening in the concentration gradients

A

pressure changes ‘mix’ the air, but distances are small enough that diffusion is effective in gas movement
-many small structures on lung that occupy majority of lung volume
-volume after quiet inspiration = 3L
-closely associated with pulmonary microvascualture

18
Q

lung volume after quiet inspiration?

A

volume after quiet inspiration = 3L

19
Q

muscles for ventilation

A

-chest wall muscles; intercostals, scalenes, SCM
-diaphram

–> muscles change volume of chest wall/ thoracic space
-volume changes –> pressure changes in lung

20
Q

lungs and chest wall

A

lungs; conducting and exchanging airways- pleural space

21
Q

the pleura; what does is connect?

A

-“connects” lungs to diaphragm and chest wall
-movements of chest wall and diaphragm are ‘tied’ to it

22
Q

pleural cavity

A

-small amounts of fluid; 10-20mL
-fluid “connects” chest wall to alveoli
-movements of thoracic cage and diaphragm –> changes in pleural cavity pressure –> changes in alveolar pressure

23
Q

what happens during inspiration

A

external intercostals and diaphragm contract
–> external intercostals: ribs move up and out
–> diaphragm: descends with contraction

-volume of thoracic cavity increases and the intrathoracic pressure decreases

-drop in intrathoracic pressure –> drop in pressure of the airspaces of the lungs –> movements of air from the atmosphere to the lungs

24
Q

what happens during expiration

A

-diaphragm and external intercostals relax
–> external intercostals: relax and ribs move down and in
–> diaphragm: rises on relaation

-volume of thoracic cavity increases –> an increase in intrathroacic pressure

-increase in intrathoracic pressure –> airspace of lungs increases pressure –> movement of air from lungs back to the atmosphere

25
Q

diaphragm contracts with inspiration or expiration? what happens when it contracts; up or down?

A

inspiration, down

26
Q

diaphragm relaxes with inspiration or expiration? what happens when it relaxes; up or down?

A

expiration, up

27
Q

volume and pressure during inspiration

A

volume of thoracic cavity increases and pressure decreases

28
Q

volume and pressure during expiration

A

volume of thoracic cavity decreases and pressure increases

29
Q

where does the trachea bifurcate (branch)?

A

bifurcation of the trachea is located under the sternum close to the joint of the 3rd rib

30
Q

where is the fissure that divides the superior lobe from the middle lobe, anteriorly

A

the 4th rib - 4th intercostal space

31
Q

posteriorly; where does the lung go from and to during deep inspiration

A

inferior lobe airspaces descend from the 10th rib posteriorly to the 12th on deep inspiration

32
Q

larynx

A

phonation (speaking) and protect airway from foods/liquids

33
Q

pulmonary disease- pleural effusion

A

-fluid in pleural space
-difficult to hear breath sounds, difficult for airspaces to expand
-lungs are dull to percussion
-fluid is in the way of auscultation and the echo from percussion
-causes of unilateral: cancer, infection (i.e. pneumonia), trauma
-causes of bilateral: congestion due to heart failure, bilateral infection, inflammation

34
Q

pulmonary disease- consolidation

A

-gunk in the larger airways and alveoili
-mostly infectious causes
–> pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
-or if airway obstructed by tumor, other growth, or foreign body then gunk collects and cant be cleared
-collpase of that region of lung or pneumonia often develop

i.e. coarse crackles, bronchophony, decreased breath sounds and dullness to percussion would be found more superior in the lung

35
Q

fluid in small airways

A

-when fluid or secretions are mostly in small airways you get fine crackles
-common in pulmonary edema due to infection of congestive heart failure
-fine crackles can also occur when small airways “snap” during some types of COPD

36
Q

wheeze

A

-small airway is narrowed or constricted
-high-pitched, musical sound on expiration
-common in obstructive diseases: asthma, COPD, pulmonary edema (when fluid collects in the respiratory and terminal bronchioles)

37
Q

stidor

A

-when large airway is narrowed or constricted
-louder, harsher sound on inspiration and sometimes on expiration

38
Q

pleural effusion vs consolidation

A

pleural effusion: fluid in pleural space

consolidation: gunk in larger airways and alveoli

39
Q

stidor vs wheeze

A

wheeze: small airway narrowed or constricted

stidor: large airway narrowed or constricted

40
Q

fine crackles vs coarse crackles

A

fine crackles when fluid in small airways

coarse crackles when consolidation

41
Q

hear bronchophony in consolidation

A

Bronchophony: which is when voice transmission through lung structures is heard with a higher resonance. In particular, bronchophony refers to an atypical increase in the intensity and clarity of the individual’s spoken voice heard when auscultating the lungs with a stethoscope.

BMS100 test 1 (24 decks)

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