BMS week 1

Question 1

types of non covalent bonds

Answer 1

no share of electrons
1. hydrogen bonds
2. hydrophobic forces
3. ionic (salt bridges Na+ Cl-)
4. van der Waals (dipole dipole)

Question 2

bond in which electrons are shared and is the strongest type of bond

Answer 2

covalent bond

Question 3

types of covalent bonds

Answer 3

polar- unequal sharing of electrons (delta + and delta -)
non polar- equal sharing of electrons

Question 4

monosaccharides: components and examples

Answer 4

hydroxy, aldehyde or ketone
-cyclic or linear
-i.e. glucose
- (CH2O)n

Question 5

amino acid component

Answer 5

amino group, carboxylic acid group, R group

Question 6

nucleotide components

Answer 6

-phosphate
-5 carbon sugar
-nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidines)

Question 7

types of nitrogenous bases (purine and pyrimidines)

Answer 7

purines: 2 rings: adenine and guanine
pyrimidines: 1 ring: uric, thymine and cytosine

Question 8

fatty acids

Answer 8

unsaturated= 1+ double bonds
saturated= no double bonds
-amphipathic (hydrophilic + hydrophobic)
-i.e phospholipid bilayer

Question 9

bonds formed between monosaccharides

Answer 9

glycosidic bonds to make disaccharides or polysaccharides

Question 9

functional group

Answer 9

hydroxyl -OH
sulfhydryl -SH
carbonyl C=O
carboxyl COOH
ester COO
phosphoryl PO3
amino NH2
amido NH2O
methyl CH4
ether
thioester
anhydride
mixed anhydride
phosphoanhydride

Question 10

components of triglyceride

Answer 10

glycerol + 3 fatty acids chains = triglyceride
-ester linkage

Question 11

bonds for amino acids

Answer 11

peptide bonds
-for dipeptide via 2 amino acids joining; remove H2O

Question 12

nucleotides form nucleic acids to create which structures and via which bonds?

Answer 12

form DNA and RNA via phosphodiester bonds
-5’ and 3’ hydroxyls of 2 adjacent sugars form a double ester with phosphoric acid

Question 13

what are the components of ATP? (nucleotide)

Answer 13

3 phosphate groups, one ribose sugar, one adenine (nitrogenous base)

Question 14

essential amino acids

Answer 14

any (arginine- infants)
help (histamine- infants)
in (isoleucine)
learning (leucine)
these (threonine)
little (lysine)
molecules (methionine)
proves (phenylalanine)
truly (tryptophan)
valuable (valine)

Question 15

branch chain amino acids

Answer 15

leucine
isoleucine
valine

Question 16

non polar side chains

Answer 16

glycine
alanine
valine
leucine
isoleucine
phenylalanine
tryptophan
methionine
proline

Question 17

polar side chains

Answer 17

serine
threonine
tyrosine
asparagine
glutamine
cysteine

Question 17

negatively charged side chains

Answer 17

aspartic acid (aspartate)
glutamic acid (glutamate)

Question 17

positively charged side chains

Answer 17

histidine
lysine
arginine

Question 18

@ph of 7 amino acids are:
zwitterions
amphoteric

Answer 18

zwitterions: no net charge across C and N terminals (R group might be)

amphoteric: acts as acid or base by donating or accepting electrons (i.e. H+)

Question 19

anabolic vs catabolic

Answer 19

anabolic: make other amino acids

catabolic: breakdown for energy, CAC
–> release nitrogen to make purine, pyrimidine, urea, heme

Question 20

pKa > pH
pKa < pH

Answer 20

pKa > pH: then will be COO-
pKa < pH: then will be COOH (protonated form)

Question 21

enzyme class (reaction example and enzyme name examples): oxidoreductase

Answer 21

redox; dehydrogenase (remove hydrogen and donate them to a molecule other than oxygen), oxidase (remove H and donate to oxygen)

-LEO GER (add or lose electrons/ hydrogens)

Question 22

enzyme class (reaction example and enzyme name examples): hydrolase

Answer 22

hydrolysis (nucleophilic substitution); phosphatase, ATPase (i.e. hydrolyse ATP to release phosphate group), peptidase, lipase

catalyze hydrolysis reactions (break apart with H2O)
–> H2O acts as nucleophile

Question 23

enzyme class (reaction example and enzyme name examples): transferase

Answer 23

group transfer (nucleophilic substitution); kinase (transfer phosphate group from ATP to another non water molecule), polymerase (transfer monomer to a polymer like DNA or RNA), “X”-transferase

-synthesize molecules by catalyzing the transfer group from one molecule to another
-nucleophile: atom with lone electron pair
-electrophile: electron deficient atom
-leaving group: substituted for by nucleophile

-use of “carriers”, add to transfer molecule in place of functional group bc better leaving group i.e. triglyceride formation

Question 24

enzyme class (reaction example and enzyme name examples): lyase

Answer 24

condensation; synthase

decarboxylation/elimination; decarboxylase

dehydration/elimination; dehydratase

hydration/addition; hydratase

1. addition: add molecules across a double or triple bond
2. elimination: remove atoms to create double bond
3. condensation: join two molecules, create new C-C bond

Question 25

enzyme class (reaction example and enzyme name examples): isomerase

Answer 25

isomerization; mutase, epimerase, racemase

-rearrange group(s) within a molecules, no NET addition or elimination of atoms

1. mutases: transfer functional groups intramolecularly
2. epimerases: interconvert groups around an asymmetric carbon in a molecule that has >1 asymmetric carbon
3. racemases: interconvert groups around an asymmetric carbon in a molecule that has 1 asymmetric carbon (could be isomerization, but not isomerase bc intermediate step)

Question 26

enzyme class (reaction example and enzyme name examples): ligase

Answer 26

joining molecules with the use of ATP; synthetase, synthase, “X”-ligase