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BMS100 test 1 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

direct energy vs indirect energy

A

ATP= direct
NADH and FADH2 = indirect (go to ETC to make ATP)

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2
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

anabolic

makes glucose from precursor molecules

mitocondria and cytosol

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3
Q

glycogenesis

A

anabolic

make glycogen to store glucose

cytosol

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4
Q

fatty acid synthesis

A

anabolic

makes fatty acids from acetyl CoA

cytosol

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5
Q

lipogenesis

A

anabolic

adds fatty acids to a glycerol backbone to make triglyceride lipids

cytosol

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6
Q

ketogenesis

A

anabolic

makes ketone bodies from acetyl CoA

mitochondria

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7
Q

pentose phosphate shunt

A

anabolic

shunts glucose into the creation of various 5-carbon sugars and NADPH

cytosol

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8
Q

glycogenolysis

A

catabolic

breakdown of glycogen to release glucose, glucose can then enter glycolysis to produce energy

cytosol

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9
Q

glycolysis

A

catabolic

breakdown of glucose to pyruvate to produce energy (NADH, ATP). after glycolysis, pyruvate can be converted to acetyl CoA to enter the CAC to produce more energy

cytosol

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10
Q

lipolysis

A

catabolic

breakdown of lipids (triglycerides) to release fatty acids from the glycerol backbone. the fatty acids can then enter beta oxidation to produce more energy

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11
Q

beta oxidation

A

catabolic

breakdown of fatty acyl to acetyl CoA to produce energy (NADH, FADH2). acetyl CoA can enter the CAC to produce more energy

mitochondria

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12
Q

ketolysis

A

catabolic

breakdown of ketone bodies to acetyl CoA. acetyl CoA can enter the CAC to produce more energy

mitochondria

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13
Q

citric acid cycle

A

catabolic

breakdown of citrate (made from acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate) to produce energy (NADH, FADH2, ATP)

mitochondria

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14
Q

glycolysis

A

breakdown of glucose for energy
-glucose –> 2 pyruvate (and ATP and NADH)

anaerobic: convert pyruvate into lactate to regenerate NAD+, can enter mitochondria

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15
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

-make glucose with substrates: lactate, glycerol, amino acids

-in liver; send to other tissues when blood glucose low

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16
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown glycogen
-in liver: release glucose to raise low blood sugar
-in muscles: use for energy in strenuous activity

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17
Q

glycogenesis

A

store excess glucose as glycogen

-anabolic, use ATP and UTP

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18
Q

pentose phosphate shunt

A

use glucose to make:
1. NADPH- used for fatty acid synthesis, antioxidation
2. 5-C sugars- such as ribose-5-P for nucleotide synthesis

-can feed sugars back into glycolysis “shunt” if needed

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19
Q

beta oxidation

A

-breakdown of fatty acids for energy
-make indirect energy (NADH and FADH2)
-fats broken down to acetyl CoA and if want more energy enter CAC into mitochondria

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20
Q

fatty acid synthesis

A

excess glucose to acetyl CoA to fatty acids
-store as triglycerides

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21
Q

lipogenesis

A

fatty acids + glycerol to make triglycerides (storage)

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22
Q

lipolysis

A

release fatty acids from triglycerides
-fatty acids–> fatty acyl CoA –> acetyl CoA to make energy

triglycerides for energy:
-take up less space than glycogen, more carbon atoms and easier reduction

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23
Q

ketogenesis

A

liver makes ketone bodies from acetyl CoA
-these ketone bodies can be used by other tissues (i.e. cardia muscle, smooth muscle, brain) when energy is needed

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24
Q

ketolysis

A

breakdown of ketone bodies to release acetyl CoA
-acetyl CoA goes into CAC to make energy
-liver only makes ketone bodies, cant use them

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25
Q

which 3 catabolic pathways feed into the citric acid cycle?

A

3 catabolic pathways that feed into CAC to make more energy

  1. glycolysis… –>pyruvate
  2. lipolysis … –>fatty acyl CoA
  3. ketolysis … –>ketones

all into acetyl CoA

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26
Q

what are the 3 irreverislbe steps in glycolysis?

A
  1. glucose –> glucose 6-phosphate (via hexokinase)
  2. fructose 6-phosphate –> fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (via phosphofructokinase 1) *main switch - rate limiting/commiting step
  3. phosphoenolypyruvate –> pyruvate (via pyruvate kinase)
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27
Q

what is the one kinase in glycolysis that is reversible?

A

phoshoglycerate kinase

1,3-bisphosphohlyverate –> 3-phoshoglycerate

28
Q

what is the cofactor for ATP?

A

Mg2+ to bind and chelate for shape

29
Q

what are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, net 2 ATP, 2NADH

30
Q

anaerobic vs aerobic glycolysis for use of NADH

A

anaerobic: lactate dehydrogenase converts NADH back into NAD

aerobic: NADH to mitochondria, oxidized to acetyl CoA, then into CAC
-regenerate NAD

31
Q

enzyme for the last step in anaerobic glycolysis

A

pyruvate –> lactate via lactate dehydrogenase

32
Q

all molecules of glycolysis

A

G
G6P
F6P
F 1,6 bP
G3P
DHAP
GA3P
1,3 bPg
3Pg
2Pg
PPP
P

33
Q

all steps of glycolysis

A

Glucose –> (hexokinase)
glucose 6 phosphate –> (phosphohexose isomerase)
fructose 6 phosphate–> (phosphofructokinase 1)
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate –> (aldolase)
[glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate]–> (trios phosphate isomerase)
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate –> (glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase)
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate–> (phosphoglycerate kinase)
3 phosphoglycerate–> (phosphoglycerate mutase)
2 phosphoglycerate–> (enolase)
phosphoenolpyruvate–> (pyruvate kinase)
pyruvate

34
Q

gluconeogenesis purpose and location

A

make glucose from non-carb precursors

in liver and kidneys

provide glucose to other tissues

fasting

35
Q

is gluconeogenesis the reversal of glycolysis? and why or why not?

A

no bc irreversible steps with kinases

1.pyruvate –> oxaloacetate
2. fructose 1,6 bisphosphate –> fructose 6 phosphate
3. glucose 6 phosphate –> glucose

36
Q

3 substrates for gluconeogenesis and where they enter

A
  1. lactate (at pyruvate)
  2. glycerol (1st convert into glycerol 3-phosphate via glycerol kinase to trap it, then convert and join gluconeogenesis at dihydroxyacetone phosphate)
  3. glucogenic amino acids –> alanine (at pyruvate)
37
Q

gluconeogenesis molecules

A

P
O
PPP
2-PG
3-PG
1,3- bPG
G3P
G3P + DHAP
F 1,6 bP
F 6-P
G 6-P
G

38
Q

steps of gluconeogenesis

A

pyruvate–> (pyruvate carboxylase)
oxaloacetate–>(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase)
phosphoenolpyruvate–> (enolase)
2- phosphoglycerate–> (phosphoglycerate mutase)
3- phosphoglycerate –> (phosphoglycerate kinase)
1,3 bisphosphoglcerate–> (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate –> (triose phosphate isomerase)
[glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate]–> (aldolase)
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate –> (fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase)
fructose 6-phosphate –> (phoshoglucose isomerase)
glucose 6-phosphate –> (glucose 6-phosphatase)
glucose

39
Q

lactate and the cori cycle and enters gluconeogenesis

A

-product of anaerobic glycolysis
-lactate goes from tissues to liver via blood
-once in the liver made into pyruvate for gluconeogenesis
-cori cycle: 4 lactate from anaerobic glycolysis in muscles is transported to liver and converted to glucose … return to muscles (cycle)

40
Q

glycerol entering gluconeogenesis
-where is it from? where does it enter

A

-from lipolysis of triglycerides
-enters gluconeogenesis by being converted into dihydroxyacetone phosphate

41
Q

glucogenic amino acids
-what are they, how do they enter gluconeogenesis, what needs to occur, what coenzyme used

A

**alanine and glutamine
-all amino acids expect leucine and lysine
-made into pyruvate or CAC intermediate (into oxaloacetate)
-alanine –> pyruvate using alanine transaminase enzyme and coenzyme derived from B6; PLP (pyridoxal phosphate)

–> use transamination

42
Q

transamination

A

transfer amino group from amino acid to an alpha keto acid

alanine (AA) + alpha ketoglutarate (AKA) –> pyruvate (KA) + glutamate (AA)

43
Q

shuttle systems

A

-gluconeogenesis beings in the mitochondria
-alanine –> pyruvate in mitochondria
-lactate –> pyruvate in cytosol and shuttled into mitochondria
-once in mitochondria pyruvate –> oxaloacetate (via pyruvate carboxylase enzyme)

–> oxaloacetate cant cross inner mitochondria matrix to get back into the cytosol to feed gluconeogenesis so need shuttle

44
Q

malate aspartate shuttle- what is the starting substrate and steps

A

-starting substrate: alanine (or other glucogenic amino acids)
1. oxaloacetate converted into malate
2. malate crosses inner mitochondria membrane (with anti porter)
3. once in cytosol malate converted back to oxaloacetate
4. oxacloacetate –> phosphoenolpyruvate… continue gluconeogenesis

45
Q

lactate shuttle

A

lactate –> pyruvate in cytosol
-pyruvate into mitochondria and converted into oxaloacetate
- oxaloacetate –> phosphoenolpyruvate and shuttle out to continue gluconeogenesis

46
Q

3 ways that nitrogen can be incorporated into amino acids

A
  1. transamination (indirect)
  2. transamidation (indirect)
  3. direct incorporation
47
Q

proline: special

A

cant rotate around alpha carbon –> non protein structure that require rotation (i.e. alpha helix)

48
Q

cysteine and methionine: special

A

-cysteine: SH (thiole group) can form disulfide bonds
-in many important proteins and peptides: keratin, insulin, glutathione (Gly-Cys-Glu)

methane and cysteine: contain sulfer, help bind metals

49
Q

serine and threonine: special

A

OH –> carbohydrate attachment or site for phosphorylation

50
Q

asparagine: special

A

NH2 for carbohydrate attachment

51
Q

transamination

-which 3 amino acids and alpha ketoacids

A

transfer of amino group from an amino acid to an alpha keto acid

-require B6 coenzyme (PLP)

all
people
are
over
getting
AK-47ed

AMINO ACID –> ALPHA KETOACID
alanine–>pyruvate
aspartate –> oxaloacetate
glutamate –> alpha ketoglutarate

52
Q

transamidation

A

N comes from an amiDo group
-NH2 =O

53
Q

direct incorporation- amino acid anabolism

which enzyme

A

add nitrogen from ammonia with B3 enzyme (niacin)

54
Q

what are the 6 amino acid families with a common precursor

A
  1. glutamate family
  2. aspartate family
  3. serine family
  4. pyruvate family
  5. aromatic family
  6. histidine (family)
55
Q

glutamate family

A
56
Q

aspartate family

A
57
Q

serine family

A
58
Q

pyruvate family

A
59
Q

aromatic family

A
60
Q

histidine (family)

A
61
Q

catabolism of amino acids

what is the mechanism and what is produced

A

deamination to produce carbon skeleton and ammonium ion (not opposite of anabolism)

62
Q

2 main deamination pathways (to breakdown amino acids)

A
  1. glutamine synthetase reaction (direct incorporation)
    -general- extrahepatic tissues to liver
    -glutamine carries nitrogen to liver to make urea

2.glucose-alanine cycle (transamination)
-specific- muscle to liver
-alanine carries nitrogen to liver to make urea

63
Q

urea cycle
-location
-reactants and products

A

-in liver
-start: ornithine + carbamoyl phosphate = citrulline
-products: ornithine (can start cycle over) and urea

-urea has 2 nitrogens:
-1 from aspartate
-1 from carbamoyl phosphate (get N from glutamine or glucose-alanine cycle)

64
Q

how do the urea cycle and citric acid cycle connect?

A

CAC: oxaloacetate go intro urea cycle by transamination into L-asparate

in urea cycle: L-aspartate –> arginosuccinate –> L-fumarate –> fumarate –> oxaloacetate and continue citric acid cycle

65
Q

how can amino acids be glucogenic and ketogenic

A

glucogenic i.e. asparagine –> aspartic acid –> oxaloacetate –> gluconeogenesis

ketogenic i.e. threonine –> acetyl-CoA –> ketogenesis

BMS100 test 1 (24 decks)

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