Physiology week 2

Question 1

what are the 4 types of tissue

Answer 1

connective
nervous
epithelial
muscular

Question 2

what type of epithelium is the strongest? and what are the different types/ combos

Answer 2

stratified squamous epthelium (skin)

thinnest is simple squamous for diffusion

simple (1 line) or stratified (layers)
combined with
squamous: thin layer
cuboidal: squares
columnar: rectangle columns

Question 3

types of connective tissue

Answer 3

-bone, cartilage
-dense regular (tendons and ligaments)
-dense irregular (dermis of skin)

Question 4

dense irregular connective tissue example

Answer 4

skin

Question 5

dense regular connective tissue example

Answer 5

tendons, ligaments

Question 6

connective tissue proper

Answer 6

-loose and dense
-NOT bone or cartilage
-cells and matrix (fibres- collagen, elastic fibres) (ground substance i.e. glycoproteins and proteoglycans)

Question 7

ground substance and examples

Answer 7

ground substance, an amorphous gel-like substance present in the composition of the various connective tissues.

i.e. glycoproteins and proteoglycans

Question 8

“structural” connective tissue

Answer 8

cells (i.e. fibroblast, adipocytes, macrophage)
-matrix –> fibres and ground substance

Question 9

what is the matrix of connective tissue composed of

Answer 9

fibres and ground substance

Question 10

arteries vs veins

Answer 10

arteries= away from heart
veins= toward heart

Question 11

what is the flow from the heart

Answer 11

pump (heart) –> flexible, muscular vessels (arteries and arterioles) –> very large number of tiny vessels (capillaries) –> large-capacity vessels (veins and venules) –> back to heart

Question 12

arteries

Answer 12

large, more elastic (so don’t drop to ventricle diastole of 0mmHg pressure)
-blood away from heart to large organ/tissue “beds”

-pressure “réservoirs”

Question 13

arterioles

Answer 13

-smaller muscular vessels to feed capillary tissue beds
–>Arterioles are small arteries that link up to capillaries, which are smaller yet
-constrict or dilate to modify flow to each bed
-i.e. running race, increase flow to leg and decrease flow to GI

Question 14

capillaries

Answer 14

small vessels
exchange gas, nutrients, metabolites and waste

-pulmonary (alveoli of lungs)
-systemic (i.e. brain, skeletal muscle)

Question 15

pulmonary vs systemic of heart

which side

oxygenated or deoxygenated

Answer 15

pulmonary: right side, deoxygenated blood back to the heart

systemic: left side, oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

Question 16

pulmonary vs systemic capillaries are found where

Answer 16

-pulmonary (alveoli of lungs)
–> deoxygenated back to heart

-systemic (i.e. brain, skeletal muscle)
–> oxygenated away from heart

Question 17

pulmonary circuit of heart

pulmonary: right side, deoxygenated blood back to the heart

Answer 17

1. right heart applied moderate pressure to low O2, high CO2 blood
2. pulmonary arteries and arterioles deliver blood to lungs
3. pulmonary capillaries allow lung tissue to deliver O2 to and extract CO2 from blood
4. pulmonary veins return high O2, low CO2 blood to the left heart

–> into systemic circulation

Question 18

systemic circuit of heart

systemic: left side, oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

Answer 18

1. left heart applies high pressure to high O2, low CO2 blood
2. systemic arteries and arterioles deliver blood to tissues
3. systemic capillaries allow tissues to extract O2 from and deliver Co2 to blood
4. systemic veins return low O2, high CO2 blood to the right heart

–> into pulmonary circulation

Question 19

what are the two phases of the heart?

Answer 19

relaxation/ diastole: decrease pressure, fills with blood from veins

contraction/ systole: increase pressure to blood and eject it from the heart to the arteries

Question 20

what are the 4 chambers of the heart?

Answer 20

left and right atrium
left and right ventricle

Question 21

atrium vs ventricle

left vs right

Answer 21

atrium= receive blood

ventricle = pressure to blood

left= systemic
right= pulmonary

Question 22

left atrium
left ventricle

right atrium
right ventricle

Answer 22

left atrium:receive blood from pulmonary vein –> pass blood to left ventricle (atrial systole) –>

right atrium: receives blood from veins of vena cave –> passes blood to right ventricle –>

right ventricle: applies pressure to blood –> ejects a proportion into the pulmonary artery

Question 23

heart; cardiac cycles and cardiac output formula

Answer 23

heart:
1. apply pressure to blood during ventricular systole
2. send portion of full (diastolic) volume into arteries (pulmonary artery and aorta) every systole

stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac output

Question 24

flow
pressure
pressure gradient

Answer 24

flow : fluid through tube i.e. mL/sec
pressure: force fluid exerts
pressure gradient: difference; high vs. low –> pressure (potential energy) into kinetic energy; blood move, bulge of arteries elastic walls

Question 25

capillaries

Answer 25

(also systemic)
in lungs: pulmonary, exchange O2 and CO2

Question 26

pulmonary system

Answer 26

ventilation, airflow
-capillaries to optimize exchange of molecules between atmosphere and blood
-atmospher: high O2, low CO2

Question 27

pulmonary system vs systemic circulation:

-pump
-substance being pumped
- gas diffusing out of blood
-gas diffusing into blood
-pH in capillary blood

Answer 27

-pump: diaphragm (P) vs left ventricle (S)

-substance being pumped: gas (P) vs blood (S)

• gas diffusing out of blood: CO2 (P), O2 (S)

-gas diffusing into blood: O2 (P), CO2 (S)

-pH in capillary blood: increases (alkaline) (P), decreases (acidic- CO2 decreases the pH) (S)

Question 28

what 3 sensors control cardiorespiratory apparatus?

Answer 28

pressure sensors: baroreceptors

gas sensors: chemoreceptors (CO2 and O2)

pH sensors: H+ in the form of CO2 in the brain
–> pH decreases, brainstem send message via nerves to activate sympathetic nervous system, release norepinephrine and epinephrine, increase heart rate and constrict arterioles)

Question 29

major baroreceptors (sense pressure)

Answer 29

-carotoid arteries
-arch of the aorta

-many brain regions involved; hypothalamus (temperature, pain), cerebral cortex (respiratory rate) etc.

-medulla and pons mediate brainstem

Question 30

vital signs: resting heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate

Answer 30

resting heart rate: 60-100 bpm

blood pressure: 140 mmHg systolic. 90 mmHg diastolic (abnormal < 90/60)

respiratory rate: 12-20 breaths/ min