LYMPH SYSTEM

Question 1

What are the Lymphatic System functions?

Answer 1

Protecting the body from infection, draining tissue fluid (lymph) back into blood, abosorbing fat and fat-souluble vitamins

Question 2

What is interstitial fluid?

Answer 2

Fluid found outside the body’s cells made of water, electrolytes, metabolic waste and some protein

Question 3

How does interstitial fluid relate to lymph?

Answer 3

Lymph is mainly made from interstitial fluid

Question 4

What are groups of lymph?

Answer 4

Lymph nodes, found along pathways of lymph vessels

Question 5

How does lymph enter and exit a node?

Answer 5

It enters through several afferent lymph vessels and exits through one or two efferent vessels

Question 6

Where can some lymph clusters be found?

Answer 6

Shoulders (cervical), Upper extremities (axillary), breasts, groin, external genitalia

Question 7

where is the spleen located?

Answer 7

It can be found in the upper left quad below the diaphragm

Question 8

What is the spleen’s function?

Answer 8

filters and cleanses blood, stores blood in case of loss, contains plasma cells that make antibodies, and stores platelets/destroys unuseful RBCs

spleen helps prevent infection but is not a vital organ

Question 9

White spleen pulp vs red spleen pulp

Answer 9

white: lymphoid tissue with lymphocytes surrounded by arteries

red: venous sinuses–blood, lymphocytes, microphages …. Both are found in spleen

Question 10

Where are the 3 tonsils’ locations?

Answer 10

palatine: opening of oral cavity to pharynx
pharyngeal(adenoids): near nasal cavity opening (upper pharynx)
lingual : back of tongue

Question 11

What are tonsils considered in the lymph system?

Answer 11

lymphatic nodules

Question 12

Palatine tonsils are often the target of what? Removal of adenoids is called?

Answer 12

Tonsillectomy; adenoidectomy

Question 13

What are tonsils?

Answer 13

Partially encapsuled lymph nodules found in the throat..they act as filters

Question 14

What is lymph’s path of drainage?

Answer 14

Lymph from R side of head, R arm, and thorax drain into R lymph duct»R subclavian vein..Remaining lymph drains to thoracic duct»L subclavian vein

Question 15

Where is lymph fluid drained from?

Answer 15

tissue space

Question 16

what forces plasma & dissolved nutrients out of capillaries and into tissue fluid?

Answer 16

tissue fluid pressure and filtration

Question 17

what does capillary filtration maintain?

Answer 17

blood volume

Question 18

the amount of tissue fluid formed is ___ than the amt returned to capillaries

Answer 18

greater

Question 19

diaphragm is innervated by ___ nerve; intercostal muscles are innervated by ____ nerves

Answer 19

phrenic; intercostal

Question 20

respiratory muscles are skeletal muscles meaning:

Answer 20

inhalation: active process, exhalation: passive process

Question 21

what factors contribute to a breathing rate?

Answer 21

emotions (voluntary) and chemoreceptors (involuntary)

Question 22

how do surfactants interfere with surface tension?

Answer 22

by decreasing tension to help alveoli stay open..also sighing

Question 23

what do alveolar cells secrete?

Answer 23

surfactants

Question 24

what is the parietal pluera?

Answer 24

outer serous membrane

Question 25

what does visceral pleura line?

Answer 25

outside of lungs

Question 26

where is the intrapleural space located?

Answer 26

between parietal and visceral pleura

Question 27

what is the medullary responsible for?

Answer 27

inspiratory and expiratory neurons

Question 28

breathing patterns, pneumotaxic center, and apneustic center are part of the:

Answer 28

Pons of the brain

Question 29

why is negative intrapleural pressure important?

Answer 29

it allows the lungs to expand and overcomes elastic recoil/surface tension

Question 30

Loss of negative pressure can cause ___ so if pressure is restored, lung will expand

Answer 30

lung collapse

Question 31

where is the c-lined cartilage found?

Answer 31

trachea, bronchi, & larynx

Question 32

what is c-lined cartilage's purpose?

Answer 32

Keeps trachea/airway open..without it, trachea will collapse, causing a BIG problem with air coming in

Question 33

what are some key points about alveoli (alveolus: singular)?

Answer 33

a pulmonary capillary surrounds each alveolus, O2 moves from alveoli into pulmonart capillaries, & CO2 moves from pulmonary capillaries into alveoli

Question 34

what is the transport mechanism of alveoli?

Answer 34

Diffusion

Question 35

what does tidal volume refer to?

Answer 35

normal, quiet breathing; the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle (proper ventilation)

Question 36

the amount of O2 is expressed as _____ ____?

Answer 36

partial pressure

Question 37

almost all O2 is transported as?

Answer 37

oxyhemoglobin

Question 38

what is Boyle's law on inhalation?

Answer 38

Respiratory muscles contract to increase thoracic volume, so as volume increases, intrathoracic pressure (P2) decreases

Question 39

what is Boyle's law on exhalation?

Answer 39

Respiratory muscles relax to decrease thoracic volume, so as volume decreases, intrathoracic pressure (P2) increases

Question 40

what is surface tension?

Answer 40

electrical attraction between polar water molecules is the surface tension

Question 41

water having high surface tension may cause ___ ____ due to force of water molecules

Answer 41

lung collapse

Question 42

what is the trachea and its function?

Answer 42

Extends from larynx into thoracic cavity & Conducts air to right & left bronchus

Question 43

what do bronchioles do and what determines their diameter?

Answer 43

bronchodilation/bronchoconstriction, regulates air flow to the alveoli...smooth muscle

Question 44

what is bronchis' function?

Answer 44

Conduct air to bronchioles

Question 45

what is found in the left & right bronchi?

Answer 45

Cartilaginous rings & Carina

Question 46

difficult/labored breathing is called:

Answer 46

dyspnea

Question 47

right lung has ____ lobes & left lung has ___ lobes

Answer 47

right has 3: superior, middle, inferior; left has 2: superior, inferior

Question 48

what are chemoreceptors?

Answer 48

chemical breathing controllers found in the medulla (CNS) and carotid/aortic (PNS)

Question 49

Where is the oropharynx and its function?

Answer 49

posterior to oral cavity, air & food passage

Question 50

where is the laryngopharynx and its function?

Answer 50

posterior to the larynx, air and food passage

Question 51

Epiglottis prevents:

Answer 51

prevents food from entering lower respiratory structures

Question 52

what is the ventilation cycle?

Answer 52

Respiratory cycle = one inhalation + one exhalation

Question 53

What do tonsils do?

Answer 53

Filter and protect from whatever comes through