SEMESTER 1 FINAL EXAM Flashcards by Dara Bailey

What is the body’s organization levels?.

Chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

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Tiny atoms make up _____ and multiple make up a ____. specialized groups of cells form____.

Molecules, cells, tissues

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Homeostasis means refers to:
Normal body temp is:

The body maintaining a stable, internal environment

98.6 F or 37 C

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Anatomical position

Body is standing erect, face forward, arms at side, toes & palms facing forward

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What the 12 directional terms?

Superior & inferior, anterior & posterior, medial & lateral, proximal & distal, superficial & deep, central & peripheral

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Name water’s principles

It’s a universal solvent, temp regulator, lubricant, chemical reactor, and protective device

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___ indicates how many H+ ions are in a solution

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A solution with a pH of 7+ is said to be ___ but a pH of less than 7 is said to be ___.

Basic or alkaline, acidic

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What is a buffer system? What is its purpose? What are 3 pH responses?

Solution that resists change in pH when acid or base is added when needed; can also restore pH balance

1st: blood buffer (response within seconds ) chemical response
2nd: respiratory (1-3 minute response) altered pulmonary ventilation, picks up alkalosis/acidosis change
3rd: renal (days to weeks) alters H ions/bicarbonate elimination

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What is the cellular respiration equation?

C6H12O6+O2=CO2+H2O+ATP/ENERGY

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Define the cell membrane (purpose, composition, structure)

Separates intracellular and extra cellular materials by being selectively permeable. It’s made of phospholipids, proteins, some carbs. Has channels that water and dissolved substances flow

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define the passive transport (no energy needed) mechanisms ?

Diffusion: most common one, substance move from area of high to low concentration, moves O2 to blood, CO2 out of blood

Facilitated diffusion: substance moves from high to low concentration with molecular help

Osmosis: aka pulling pressure (Na+ holding in to water),diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane, low to high, can cause swelling as it moves H2O to a compartment

Filtration: pressure pushes substance across membrane, mainly happens in capillaries

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Define the active transport (energy needed) mechanisms

Pumps: needed when intracellular materials are taking up cell space and new material needs to be “pumped” in

Endocytosis: intakes food/liquid by cell membrane; phago(ingests materials) pino (drinks materials I.e. H2O)

Exocytosis: expels things out of cell (protein fuses with membrane, then expelled into surrounding space for use outside for outside of pancreas)

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_____ is the ability of a solution to affect a cell’s volume and pressure

Tonicity

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________, ___________, & _____ are 3 types of tonicity

Isotonic: iso “same”; has some concertación as intracellular fluid; no water moving, no loss or gain

Hypotonic: solute concentration less than reference solution, can cause hemolysis or to burst/lyse, not admined. IV

Hypertonic: solution concentration greater than reference solution, causes cell to shrink/crenate, sometimes IV admined.

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What is glucose?

Six-carbon simple sugar (monosaccharide) that is the most important sugar. It’s used by cells as energy source

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What are amino acid characteristics?

Building blocks of protein, most derived from protein foods, some can’t be synthesized by body(nonessential) some can(essential aminos), composed of CHON, joined by peptide bonds

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What are the epithelial shapes and layers?

Shapes: squamous (thin, flat), cuboidal (cube-like dice-like), columnar (tall, narrow)

Layers: one layer—simple, 2+ layers—stratified

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What epithelial tissues are located where?

Simple squamous: caps, alveoli, kidneys

Simple cuboidal: kidney tubules, thyroid gland, salivary gland

Simple columnar: digestive tract

Pseudo stratified columnar: respiratory tract lining, fallopian lining

Stratified squamous: outer skin layer, lining of anus/Vagina/esophagus

Transitional: bladder

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Exocrine vs endocrine glands

Exocrine: have ducts that where secretions are released before reaching body’s surface

Endocrine: ductless, so hormones secreted directly into blood

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_____ tissue is the most abundant of all, found in blood, under skin, in bone, around many organs. It supports, protects, stores fat, etc

Connective

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Epidermis

Thin outer layer of skin, made of stratified squamous epi., is avascular, divided into five layers (I.e. stratum G and C)

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______, _______, & _____ ______ are nail disorders

Clubbing, cyanosis of the beds/melanoma (lightskin PTs), and brittle nails

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What is sebum?

An oil sebaceous secretion, flowing into hair then into skin’s surface. Lubricates, waterproofs, inhibits bacterial growth, decreases with age (dry skin)

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How do blood vessels help thermoregulation?

Vasodilation- causes body to cool down (sweat cools it down, more heat loss) Vasoconstriction- helps body stay warm (shivering, no sweat, less heat loss)

The __ ___ ____ is found in spongy bone holes, richly supplies spongy bone with blood, also produces blood cells

Red bone marrow

Tendon vs ligament

Tendon: strong connective tissue band that achors muscle to bone Ligament: strong, connective tissue band joining bone to bone

The large hole in the occipital bone (foremen magnum) allows the brain to extend down to become the ___ ____ and can be deadly because swelling on it can exert pressure on brain steam>> respiratory arrest (death)

Spinal cord

True or false: vertebral column has C1-C7 (cervical) t1-t12 (thoracic) and L1-L5 (lumbar). Its functions as support structure of head, attachment to pelvic girdle, protects spine, & provides flexibility.

True

What are cardiac muscle characteristics?

Only found in heart, pumps blood throughout body, cells are long branching, junctions: intercalated discs send electrical signals, are striated & involuntary, don’t regenerate

How is calcium important to the muscular system?

It’s necessary for actin-myosin connections formation and it’s released from the SR when muscle membrane is stimulated, flooding the sarcomere

What does myoglobin store? When is it released?

Oxygen in the muscle; released when muscle starts to work..fibers with myoglobin > red, fibers without > white

What is hypertrophy?

Overuse of muscle resulting in increased size; is okay in most muscles, bad for cardiac muscle

_____ & _____ result from muscle underuse

Atrophy (denervation, disuse, senile) & contracture (“freezes”)

____ is a fan-shaped chewing muscle over temporal bone, inserting in mandible. ___ cover later lower jaw, origin’s on maxilla, inserts on mandible

Temporalis, masseter

_______ is the dome-shaped chief breathing muscle for inhalation

Diaphragm

What is the blood brain barrier composition and purpose?

Glial cells; they protect the brain/spine’s nervous tissue by blocking toxic substances from blood from coming in

Sensory vs motor neuron

Sensory: senses; carry information to CNS Motor: movement; carry info away from CNS

The _____ ______ aka, spinal tap, is an insertion of needle between L3 & L4, with no injury as the spine ends at L1

Lumbar puncture

Nerve X, aka ____ _____, is a mixed nerve innervating tongue, pharynx, larynx etc. damage to this nerve could be fatal, also helps regulates _____ ______.

Vagus nerve, blood pressure

The ______ & ___________ nervous systems are part of the PNS. One activates during stress and the other during relaxation

Sympathetic (fight) & parasympathetic (flight)

Sense of smell, aka _____, has upper nose senses, called olfactory receptors. Its a chemoreceptor, interpreted in frontal/temporal lobes & is Nerve I

Olfaction

What is the occipital lobe’s contribution to the visual pathway?

It’s where’s impulses from photoreceptors go to relay messages to the brain, it inter grates info from both eyes & produce only 1 image

Define the tympanic membrane aka the eardrum.

It separates the external ear from middle ear, made of connective tissue, has rich supply of nerves & blood vessels, vibrates from sound waves

Define ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

ADH releases from posterior pituitary gland to conserve water by causing kidney to reabsorb urine water & return it to blood, also a vasopressin (decreases BP)

What is the body’s need for iodine?

Synthesizes thyroid hormone, without iodine thyroid gland enlarges forming goiter

Red blood cells, aka ________, primarily transport O2 to all body tissues

Erythrocytes

Blood transfusion characteristics

Is the transferring of blood to another from another …blood should not agglutinate after transfusion, hemolysis can occur, Type O blood is universal donor….compatibility =no clotting, most common type is A. Cross match test must be done before transfusion

What is the myocardium’s function?

To contract and pump blood thru vessels, which will carry blood throughout body

Systole vs Diastole

Systole: contraction of heart muscle…atrial stage (AV valves open, ventricles relaxed) ventricular stage (ventricles contract, blood forced against AV valves snapping them shut Diastole: relaxation of myocardium…chambers relax, blood flow into atria, period of filling blood Both part of cardiac cycle

How does blood flow in the cardiac cycle?

Arteries>arterioles>caps>venules>veins

Arteries vs veins

Artery: carries oxygenated blood away from heart…has thick wall, 3 layers Veins: carries un-oxygenated blood to heart… thinner than artery, 3 layers

Define capillaries (function, structure and composition)

Smallest, most numerous vessel….close to every cell in body, where nutrient/waste exhange happens (blood gives up its O2 here), walls made of simple endothelium

The brachial artery divides into the ulnar & radial arteries, which supplies the _____

Forearm

How does interstitial fluid contribute to lymph?

Lymph is made of interstitial fluid (PEWM), 85% is carried away to venous blood, other 15% enters lymphatic capillaries …this is Lymph

_____ _____ appear in clusters. The 3 largest clusters are ______, ______, & _____

Lymph nodes; cervical, inguinal, axillary

What are the spleen’s characteristics?

Largest lymph organ, found in LUQ below diaphragm, filters/cleans blood, has white pulp and red pulp, stores blood, destroys old RBCs, it’s monocytes phagocytize

What tonsils are most targeted for tonsillectomy?

Palatine

True or false : alveoli function as O2 & CO2 across capillary membrane

True

What is c-shaped cartilage’s purpose?

To keep the trachea open and prevent trachea collapse

pleural, serous membranes, are found lining the outer lungs, called ____ pleura, and in the chest wall’s lining, called _____ pleura

Visceral , parietal

Define the respiratory muscles

Diaphragm: dome shaped, chief muscle, contracting caused it to flatten get & pulled downward which contributes to thoracic cavity’s length, quiet breathing: it is most of the increase in thoracic volume Intercostals: found between the ribs, 2: internal, external, contracts to increase thoracic volume

What are characteristics of the tongue

It’s made of skeletal muscle, pushes bolus of food to pharynx, foral covered in papillae, moves food under teeth for mastication, gustatory sense,

Why are drugs rapidly absorbed when administered sublingually

Due to tongue’s rich blood supply and rapid absorption

What are traits of the esophagus?

Carries food from pharynx>stomach, descends thru chest cavity, peristaltic activity, 2 sphincters (pharyngo & LES)

The duodenum is responsible for:

1st intestinal segment, most absorption/digestion, receiving chyme/digestive enzymes from liver/gallbladder/pancreas, microvilli/villi

________ are waves of motility, moves food along GI tract, reabsorbed water from intestinal wall>>>capillaries

Peristalsis

The _________ concentrates/stores bile, joins hepatic duct to form common bile duct (connects/drains bile/pancreatic juices to duodenum.

Gallbladder

Where are kidneys located?

Retroperitonal: high on posterior wall of abdominal cavity, on either side of vertebral column; cushioned by renal fascia, adipose tissue, lower rib cage

What organs make up the urinary system?

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, the bladder, & urethra

What are the renal artery’s characteristics?

Enters kidneys, renal vein & ureter exit, delivers 20-25% of blood>>kidneys, branches into small arteries that deliver blood to nephron units

The urinary unit, aka _______, of kidneys don’t regenerate if destroyed

Nephron

______, _______, & ________ are the 3 urine formation processes

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption & tubular secretion

The most common urinary protein is ______.

Albumin

The rate that renal filtrate happens per minute is the ________ _______ ______. 100-125/mL of filtrate is formed in kidneys

Glomerular filtration rate

What are urea’s characteristics?

Only 50% is reabsorbed, it’s a nitrogenous waste, formed by liver cells when excess amino acids are deaminated to be used for energy