Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > SEMESTER 1 FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

SEMESTER 1 FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the body’s organization levels?.

A

Chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tiny atoms make up _____ and multiple make up a ____. specialized groups of cells form____.

A

Molecules, cells, tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Homeostasis means refers to:
Normal body temp is:

A

The body maintaining a stable, internal environment

98.6 F or 37 C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anatomical position

A

Body is standing erect, face forward, arms at side, toes & palms facing forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What the 12 directional terms?

A

Superior & inferior, anterior & posterior, medial & lateral, proximal & distal, superficial & deep, central & peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name water’s principles

A

It’s a universal solvent, temp regulator, lubricant, chemical reactor, and protective device

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

___ indicates how many H+ ions are in a solution

A

pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A solution with a pH of 7+ is said to be ___ but a pH of less than 7 is said to be ___.

A

Basic or alkaline, acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a buffer system? What is its purpose? What are 3 pH responses?

A

Solution that resists change in pH when acid or base is added when needed; can also restore pH balance

1st: blood buffer (response within seconds ) chemical response
2nd: respiratory (1-3 minute response) altered pulmonary ventilation, picks up alkalosis/acidosis change
3rd: renal (days to weeks) alters H ions/bicarbonate elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the cellular respiration equation?

A

C6H12O6+O2=CO2+H2O+ATP/ENERGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define the cell membrane (purpose, composition, structure)

A

Separates intracellular and extra cellular materials by being selectively permeable. It’s made of phospholipids, proteins, some carbs. Has channels that water and dissolved substances flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

define the passive transport (no energy needed) mechanisms ?

A

Diffusion: most common one, substance move from area of high to low concentration, moves O2 to blood, CO2 out of blood

Facilitated diffusion: substance moves from high to low concentration with molecular help

Osmosis: aka pulling pressure (Na+ holding in to water),diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane, low to high, can cause swelling as it moves H2O to a compartment

Filtration: pressure pushes substance across membrane, mainly happens in capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define the active transport (energy needed) mechanisms

A

Pumps: needed when intracellular materials are taking up cell space and new material needs to be “pumped” in

Endocytosis: intakes food/liquid by cell membrane; phago(ingests materials) pino (drinks materials I.e. H2O)

Exocytosis: expels things out of cell (protein fuses with membrane, then expelled into surrounding space for use outside for outside of pancreas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

_____ is the ability of a solution to affect a cell’s volume and pressure

A

Tonicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

________, ___________, & _____ are 3 types of tonicity

A

Isotonic: iso “same”; has some concertación as intracellular fluid; no water moving, no loss or gain

Hypotonic: solute concentration less than reference solution, can cause hemolysis or to burst/lyse, not admined. IV

Hypertonic: solution concentration greater than reference solution, causes cell to shrink/crenate, sometimes IV admined.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is glucose?

A

Six-carbon simple sugar (monosaccharide) that is the most important sugar. It’s used by cells as energy source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are amino acid characteristics?

A

Building blocks of protein, most derived from protein foods, some can’t be synthesized by body(nonessential) some can(essential aminos), composed of CHON, joined by peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the epithelial shapes and layers?

A

Shapes: squamous (thin, flat), cuboidal (cube-like dice-like), columnar (tall, narrow)

Layers: one layer—simple, 2+ layers—stratified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What epithelial tissues are located where?

A

Simple squamous: caps, alveoli, kidneys

Simple cuboidal: kidney tubules, thyroid gland, salivary gland

Simple columnar: digestive tract

Pseudo stratified columnar: respiratory tract lining, fallopian lining

Stratified squamous: outer skin layer, lining of anus/Vagina/esophagus

Transitional: bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Exocrine vs endocrine glands

A

Exocrine: have ducts that where secretions are released before reaching body’s surface

Endocrine: ductless, so hormones secreted directly into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

_____ tissue is the most abundant of all, found in blood, under skin, in bone, around many organs. It supports, protects, stores fat, etc

A

Connective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Epidermis

A

Thin outer layer of skin, made of stratified squamous epi., is avascular, divided into five layers (I.e. stratum G and C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

______, _______, & _____ ______ are nail disorders

A

Clubbing, cyanosis of the beds/melanoma (lightskin PTs), and brittle nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is sebum?

A

An oil sebaceous secretion, flowing into hair then into skin’s surface. Lubricates, waterproofs, inhibits bacterial growth, decreases with age (dry skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do blood vessels help thermoregulation?

A

Vasodilation- causes body to cool down (sweat cools it down, more heat loss)

Vasoconstriction- helps body stay warm (shivering, no sweat, less heat loss)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The __ ___ ____ is found in spongy bone holes, richly supplies spongy bone with blood, also produces blood cells

A

Red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Tendon vs ligament

A

Tendon: strong connective tissue band that achors muscle to bone

Ligament: strong, connective tissue band joining bone to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The large hole in the occipital bone (foremen magnum) allows the brain to extend down to become the ___ ____ and can be deadly because swelling on it can exert pressure on brain steam» respiratory arrest (death)

A

Spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

True or false: vertebral column has C1-C7 (cervical) t1-t12 (thoracic) and L1-L5 (lumbar). Its functions as support structure of head, attachment to pelvic girdle, protects spine, & provides flexibility.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are cardiac muscle characteristics?

A

Only found in heart, pumps blood throughout body, cells are long branching, junctions: intercalated discs send electrical signals, are striated & involuntary, don’t regenerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How is calcium important to the muscular system?

A

It’s necessary for actin-myosin connections formation and it’s released from the SR when muscle membrane is stimulated, flooding the sarcomere

32
Q

What does myoglobin store? When is it released?

A

Oxygen in the muscle; released when muscle starts to work..fibers with myoglobin > red, fibers without > white

33
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Overuse of muscle resulting in increased size; is okay in most muscles, bad for cardiac muscle

34
Q

_____ & _____ result from muscle underuse

A

Atrophy (denervation, disuse, senile) & contracture (“freezes”)

35
Q

____ is a fan-shaped chewing muscle over temporal bone, inserting in mandible. ___ cover later lower jaw, origin’s on maxilla, inserts on mandible

A

Temporalis, masseter

36
Q

_______ is the dome-shaped chief breathing muscle for inhalation

A

Diaphragm

37
Q

What is the blood brain barrier composition and purpose?

A

Glial cells; they protect the brain/spine’s nervous tissue by blocking toxic substances from blood from coming in

38
Q

Sensory vs motor neuron

A

Sensory: senses; carry information to CNS

Motor: movement; carry info away from CNS

39
Q

The _____ ______ aka, spinal tap, is an insertion of needle between L3 & L4, with no injury as the spine ends at L1

A

Lumbar puncture

40
Q

Nerve X, aka ____ _____, is a mixed nerve innervating tongue, pharynx, larynx etc. damage to this nerve could be fatal, also helps regulates _____ ______.

A

Vagus nerve, blood pressure

41
Q

The ______ & ___________ nervous systems are part of the PNS. One activates during stress and the other during relaxation

A

Sympathetic (fight) & parasympathetic (flight)

42
Q

Sense of smell, aka _____, has upper nose senses, called olfactory receptors. Its a chemoreceptor, interpreted in frontal/temporal lobes & is Nerve I

A

Olfaction

43
Q

What is the occipital lobe’s contribution to the visual pathway?

A

It’s where’s impulses from photoreceptors go to relay messages to the brain, it inter grates info from both eyes & produce only 1 image

44
Q

Define the tympanic membrane aka the eardrum.

A

It separates the external ear from middle ear, made of connective tissue, has rich supply of nerves & blood vessels, vibrates from sound waves

45
Q

Define ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

A

ADH releases from posterior pituitary gland to conserve water by causing kidney to reabsorb urine water & return it to blood, also a vasopressin (decreases BP)

46
Q

What is the body’s need for iodine?

A

Synthesizes thyroid hormone, without iodine thyroid gland enlarges forming goiter

47
Q

Red blood cells, aka ________, primarily transport O2 to all body tissues

A

Erythrocytes

48
Q

Blood transfusion characteristics

A

Is the transferring of blood to another from another …blood should not agglutinate after transfusion, hemolysis can occur, Type O blood is universal donor….compatibility =no clotting, most common type is A. Cross match test must be done before transfusion

49
Q

What is the myocardium’s function?

A

To contract and pump blood thru vessels, which will carry blood throughout body

50
Q

Systole vs Diastole

A

Systole: contraction of heart muscle…atrial stage (AV valves open, ventricles relaxed) ventricular stage (ventricles contract, blood forced against AV valves snapping them shut

Diastole: relaxation of myocardium…chambers relax, blood flow into atria, period of filling blood

Both part of cardiac cycle

51
Q

How does blood flow in the cardiac cycle?

A

Arteries>arterioles>caps>venules>veins

52
Q

Arteries vs veins

A

Artery: carries oxygenated blood away from heart…has thick wall, 3 layers

Veins: carries un-oxygenated blood to heart… thinner than artery, 3 layers

53
Q

Define capillaries (function, structure and composition)

A

Smallest, most numerous vessel….close to every cell in body, where nutrient/waste exhange happens (blood gives up its O2 here), walls made of simple endothelium

54
Q

The brachial artery divides into the ulnar & radial arteries, which supplies the _____

A

Forearm

55
Q

How does interstitial fluid contribute to lymph?

A

Lymph is made of interstitial fluid (PEWM), 85% is carried away to venous blood, other 15% enters lymphatic capillaries …this is Lymph

56
Q

_____ _____ appear in clusters. The 3 largest clusters are ______, ______, & _____

A

Lymph nodes; cervical, inguinal, axillary

57
Q

What are the spleen’s characteristics?

A

Largest lymph organ, found in LUQ below diaphragm, filters/cleans blood, has white pulp and red pulp, stores blood, destroys old RBCs, it’s monocytes phagocytize

58
Q

What tonsils are most targeted for tonsillectomy?

A

Palatine

59
Q

True or false : alveoli function as O2 & CO2 across capillary membrane

A

True

60
Q

What is c-shaped cartilage’s purpose?

A

To keep the trachea open and prevent trachea collapse

61
Q

pleural, serous membranes, are found lining the outer lungs, called ____ pleura, and in the chest wall’s lining, called _____ pleura

A

Visceral , parietal

62
Q

Define the respiratory muscles

A

Diaphragm: dome shaped, chief muscle, contracting caused it to flatten get & pulled downward which contributes to thoracic cavity’s length, quiet breathing: it is most of the increase in thoracic volume

Intercostals: found between the ribs, 2: internal, external, contracts to increase thoracic volume

63
Q

What are characteristics of the tongue

A

It’s made of skeletal muscle, pushes bolus of food to pharynx, foral covered in papillae, moves food under teeth for mastication, gustatory sense,

64
Q

Why are drugs rapidly absorbed when administered sublingually

A

Due to tongue’s rich blood supply and rapid absorption

65
Q

What are traits of the esophagus?

A

Carries food from pharynx>stomach, descends thru chest cavity, peristaltic activity, 2 sphincters (pharyngo & LES)

66
Q

The duodenum is responsible for:

A

1st intestinal segment, most absorption/digestion, receiving chyme/digestive enzymes from liver/gallbladder/pancreas, microvilli/villi

67
Q

________ are waves of motility, moves food along GI tract, reabsorbed water from intestinal wall»>capillaries

A

Peristalsis

68
Q

The _________ concentrates/stores bile, joins hepatic duct to form common bile duct (connects/drains bile/pancreatic juices to duodenum.

A

Gallbladder

69
Q

Where are kidneys located?

A

Retroperitonal: high on posterior wall of abdominal cavity, on either side of vertebral column; cushioned by renal fascia, adipose tissue, lower rib cage

70
Q

What organs make up the urinary system?

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, the bladder, & urethra

71
Q

What are the renal artery’s characteristics?

A

Enters kidneys, renal vein & ureter exit, delivers 20-25% of blood»kidneys, branches into small arteries that deliver blood to nephron units

72
Q

The urinary unit, aka _______, of kidneys don’t regenerate if destroyed

A

Nephron

73
Q

______, _______, & ________ are the 3 urine formation processes

A

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption & tubular secretion

74
Q

The most common urinary protein is ______.

A

Albumin

75
Q

The rate that renal filtrate happens per minute is the ________ _______ ______. 100-125/mL of filtrate is formed in kidneys

A

Glomerular filtration rate

76
Q

What are urea’s characteristics?

A

Only 50% is reabsorbed, it’s a nitrogenous waste, formed by liver cells when excess amino acids are deaminated to be used for energy

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions