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Juvenile Delinquency > M I D T E R M > Flashcards

M I D T E R M Flashcards

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1
Q

Where and when was the first juvenile court system established?

A

1899, Cook County, Illinois

Chicago

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2
Q

How many children under 18 are there in the US?

A

Approx. 75 Million

37% of the population

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3
Q

Talk about how the media affects young adults

A

“PEEL BACK THE ONION”
Comic books in the 50’s
Rap music, violent video games, negative imagery

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4
Q

Ego Identity

A

Having a firm sense of knowing who you are and what you stand for

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5
Q

Role Diffusion

A

People spread themselves too thin and experience personal uncertainty

Often place themselves at the mercy of others

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6
Q

At-risk student

A

Youth who are vulnreable to the negative consequences of school failure, substance abuse, and early sex
(drug use, alcohol, sexuality)

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7
Q

What percent of the population under 17 are at risk?

A

Approx 25%

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8
Q

Five Main Problems for American Youth

A

“People hunger inside for salad”

Poverty
Health
Inadequate Education
Family Problems
Substandard Living Conditions
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9
Q

Poverty Stats

A

37 Million people are classified as poor, 1/3rd of those are children

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10
Q

Health coverage

A

10% of children do not have health coverage

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11
Q

Health opportunities

A

Glasses example

Treating learning disorders early

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12
Q

Family issues

A

Divorce affects about half of new families

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13
Q

Substandard living conditions

A

A child’s environment drastically affects their behavior
Apartment settings, bad neighborhoods
At risk for drive-bys, addiciton, STD’s

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14
Q

Inadequate education

A

Poor schools everywhere

No education, no one to guide them and to have them MAKE GOOD CHOICES

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15
Q

Paternalistic families

A

Father had control of the house
Children were not children, and often treated as adults

“Children were seen and not heard”

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16
Q

Gender divide in paternalistic families

A

Boys were educated, girls were desecrated

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17
Q

Parens Patriae

A

Power of the state to act on the behalf of the child to provide care and protection equivalent to that of a parent

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18
Q

Society for the Prevention of Pauperism

A

Movement that protected children from adult environments, such as taverns, parlors, etc.

Eventually known as the Child Savers

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19
Q

House of Refuge

A

Facility developed by the Child Savers to protect potential criminal youths and take them off of the street

Developed in 1825 - NYC

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20
Q

Juvenile Court Act

A

1899
Established juvenile courts that created separate programs for children, as well as treat children entirely differently than that of adults.

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21
Q

Parens patriae and the system

A

Delinquent vs. Criminal
State needs to act in the best interest of the child.

Treatment, not punishment

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22
Q

Age of Majority

A

Age where a child is treated as an adult. (18 in MD)

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23
Q

Status offense

A

Conduct that is illegal because of the person’s age

drinking, truancy, running away, etc

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24
Q

Waiver / Bindover / Automatic Adult Jurisdiction

A

Waiving cases over to the adult system.
Certain offenses are automatically handed in adult court as opposed to child court
(1st deg murder, 1st deg assault, etc)

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25
Uniform Crime Report
Published data from police departments | Divided into Part I and Part II Crimes
26
What are the three ways that crimes are reported?
UCR Victimization Surveys Self Reports
27
Part I
``` Part I (Index Crimes) Homicide, Rape, Robbery, Assault, Burglary, Larceny, Arson, Motor Theft ```
28
Part II
All crimes that are not part I
29
How does the UCR Work?
of reported crimes, crime rates per 100k, change in # over time
30
Problems with the UCR
<1/2 of all victims report crimes. | Only the most serious offense is counted for an arrest.
31
Self Reports
1on1 Interviews, mass distribution of anonymous questionaires
32
Dark Figure of Crime
Crimes that have never been reported
33
Victimization Survey
NCVS (National Crime and Victimization Survey)
34
Victims and their "criminals"
People of all age groups identify their attackers as teens. Often intra-racial. Victimization is most likely to occur during the day.
35
Example trends of crime rates
Age, economy, social issues, abortion, guns, gangs, drug use, etc.
36
Crimes and Time
Delinquent acts occur in the summer of July and August
37
Crime and Space
Western and Southern states have higher rates of delinquency
38
Male gender and crime
Males are more delinquent and commit more violent crimes, 4:1
39
Female gender and crime
Girls are more likely to run away
40
Institutional Racism
Treatment of a race by police and courts
41
Racial threat theory
As AA population increases, the perceived threat to EA increases, leading to social control on AA Youth
42
Racial profiling
Routinely searching AA Youth
43
Class and delinquency
Youth will use criminal means to achieve their goals.
44
Middle Class
Generally crimes are less serious
45
Lower Class
More serious delinquency and moreso having to deal with racial bias, social organization
46
Age proportionality
Age is INVERSELY related to criminality
47
Age of Onset
beginning point in delinquent career
48
Aging Out
Growing older, maturing, responsibility, changing personalities
49
Chronic offender
Young onset age, 6+ offenses, may be violent and destructive
50
6% of youth are:
Chronic offenders
51
Choice Theory
Offenders make the rational decision to engage in delinquent behavior. Their actions will be beneficial to them
52
Trait Theory
Delinquent acts are the product of personal problems and conditions
53
Grandfathers of Choice Theory
Cessare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham
54
The Rational Delinquent
Breaking the law is a choice. Choice Theory is about the act, not the offender Pain v. Gain
55
Routine Activities Theory
Crime is a normal function of routine activities. Offenses can be expected if there is a motivated offender and suitable target casual crime, yknow?
56
General Deterrence
Threat of punishment to deter delinquency
57
Co-offending
Crimes committed in groups
58
Specific Deterrence
Punish them so severely that they'll never do anything illegal again.
59
Situational Crime Prevention
``` Increase the effort (make it harder) Increase the risks (is the d-air really worth it) Reduce the rewards (combos with floaties) Increasing the shame (DISRESPECC) ```
60
Cesare Lombroso
Father of Criminology | Developed theory of criminal atavism
61
Trait Theory
Behavioral choices are a function of one's mental / physical makeup
62
Sociobiology
Behavior will adapt in the environment of which it evolved
63
Abnormal body chemistry
Excessive iron, lead poisoning
64
Diet
Diet and aggression correlations
65
Hormonal functions
Antisocial behavior peaks during teen years. Periods and crime
66
Neurological dysfunction
Brain injuries affect students later in life, as well as physical abuse, sexual abuse, and learning disabilities
67
Parental deviance
Children of deviant parents will learn that criminal behavior is okay.
68
Twin studies
Criminal activity between identical and fraternal twins (60%, 30%)
69
Adoption studies
Adopted children of deviant parents share many traits of their biological parents
70
Sigmund Freud
Id is unrestrained Ego develops through the reality of the world Superego represents the conscience and morality If one becomes dominant, individual will experience abnormality
71
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Experience defiant hostile behavior towards authority
72
Conduct Disorder
Difficulty following rules and behaving in a socially acceptable manner
73
Interpersonal relationships
Peers, school, work, etc
74
Community Ecology
Living in poverty, decay, etc affects the likelihood of crime. Fear can motivate people to commit crimes
75
Social Change and crime
Political unrest, economic stress, family dysfunction | Freddy Gray
76
Socioeconomics
People on the lowest rung of the ladder have the highest incentive to commit crime
77
Racial disparity
Poverty rates among minority groups are still double that of EAs
78
How are social theories grouped?
Structure, process, and critical theories
79
Social structure
Delinquency is a function of a person's place in the economy.
80
Social Process
Delinquency is a result of interaction with critical elements of socialization.
81
Critical theories
Delinquency is a result of economic deprivations caused by inequities in the system
82
Culture of Poverty
1966, Oscar Lewis created the term to describe the burden faced by the urban poor Culture marked by apathy, cynicism, helplessness, mistrust
83
Permanent underclass
Members of society with little chance of upward mobility
84
Cultural transmission
Behaviors are passed down from one generation to another | "Don't snitch to authority"
85
Anomie / Strain
Disorganized area residents will feel hopeless and eventually angry
86
Robert Merton (Strain Theory)
Without means of success, people turn to crime to achieve their goals
87
Robert Agnew (General Strain)
strain is caused by: failure to achieve + goals, removal of + stimuli, and the presentation of - stimuli
88
Cultural deviance
Delinquency is a result to a youth's desire to conform to lower class values Joining gangs, disrespect, etc
89
Social Process
Delinquency can be traced to learning delinquent attitudes from peers in their realm of influence
90
Parental Efficacy
Supportive parents lead to positive youth. Inadequate parents lead to negative youth. Start'em young. Start'em strong.
91
Social Learning
Delinquency is learned through the interaction with others
92
Social Control
Life weakens the attachemtn a child has to peers, school, and society
93
Social Reaction
Society's reaction determines one's behavior
94
Differential Association
Youth will become delinquent if definitions they learn are favorable to violating the law
95
Travis Hirschi's Social Control
Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief
96
Label theory
Once someone is labeled as a delinquent, they are more likely to continue their delinquent behavior
97
Critical Theory Influx
Society is in a constant state of internal conflict. Those with money and power will succeed in meeting their needs

Juvenile Delinquency (3 decks)

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