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Block 2 > M1: Epidemiological Surveillance > Flashcards

M1: Epidemiological Surveillance Flashcards

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1
Q

The amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community.

A

Baseline/Endemic Level of Disease

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2
Q

4 examples of Rare disease that a single case warrants epidemiologic investigation

A

(RaP ChoP)

  1. rabies
  2. plague
  3. cholera
  4. polio
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3
Q

3 diseases occur more commonly so that only

deviations from the norm warrant investigation

A
  1. flu
  2. stroke
  3. dengue
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4
Q

refers to a disease that occurs frequently

and irregularly

A

Sporadic

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5
Q

refers to the (constant presence and/or usual prevalence) of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area

A

Endemic

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6
Q

3 examples of (endemic diseases)

A

(MaZE)

  1. Malaria
  2. Elephantiasis
  3. Zika Virus
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7
Q

refers to the persistent, (high levels) of disease occurrence

A

Hyper-endemic

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8
Q

increase in the case of what is expected

A

Epidemic

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9
Q

It is like an epidemic, but limited in geographic area

A

Outbreak

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10
Q

aggregation of cases grouped in place and time

A

Cluster

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11
Q

spread over countries or continents

A

Pandemic

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12
Q

Epidemics occur when an ___ and ______

are present in adequate numbers

A

Agent, Susceptible host

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13
Q

5 Epidemic may result from

A

( I FACE)

  1. Increase in viral agents
  2. Factors that increase exposure
  3. Agent in a foreign setting
  4. Change in susceptibility
  5. Enhanced transmission
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14
Q

13 Steps in epidemiologic investigation of an outbreak

A
  1. Prepare for fieldwork
  2. Establish the existence of an outbreak
  3. Verify the diagnosis
  4. Construct a working case
  5. Find cases systematically
  6. Perform descriptive epidemiology
  7. Develop hypotheses
  8. Evaluate hypotheses
  9. Re-evaluate hypotheses
  10. Compare studies
  11. Implement control and prevention measures
  12. initiate or maintain surveillance
  13. Communicate findings
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15
Q

When you become a field investigator, you should have knowledge of:

A

o scientific issues
o investigative issues
o managerial issues
o management issues

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16
Q

Types of existing data to look for during an outbreak

A 
o surveillance systems
o hospital records
o registries
o statistics
o survey
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17
Q

to ensure that the disease has been (properly identified), since control measures are often disease-specific

A

VERIFICATION OF DIAGNOSIS

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18
Q

a standard set of (criteria for deciding) whether an

individual should be classified as having the health condition of interest

A

WORKING SPACE DEFINITION

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19
Q

2 Types of surveillance

A
  1. Passive surveillance

2. Active Surveillance

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20
Q

3 STEPS IN DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY

A
  1. Identifying
  2. Gathering
  3. Describe systematically characteristics of people
    affected by disease
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21
Q

3 Epidemic patternS

A

(Pro CoMix)
● common
● propagated
● mixed

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22
Q

4 EPIDEMIC CURVES

A

(BIn ClaP)

  1. Classical
  2. Inverted
  3. Point
  4. Bell-shaped
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23
Q 
Characteristic of a Classical curve
● Onset
● Exposure
● Transmission
● Incubation
● Type of cause
● Exhaustion
A 
● Sudden
● Mass
● Common vehicle
● Short
● Primary
● Slow
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24
Q 
Characteristic of Inverted Epidemic curve
● Onset
● Exposure
● Transmission
● Incubation
● Type of cause
● Exhaustion
A 
● Staggering
● Progressive
● Propagated
● Long
● Secondary (expose to primary)
● Rapid
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25
``` Characteristics of Point Epidemic Curve ● Onset ● Exposure ● Transmission ● Incubation ● Type of cause ● Exhaustion ```
``` ● sudden ● massive ● common vehicle ● short ● primary ● Very Rapid ```
26
``` Characteristics of Bell-shaped Epidemic Curve ● Onset ● Exposure ● Transmission ● Incubation ● Type of cause ● Exhaustion ```
``` ● Sudden ● Mass ● Common vehicle ● Short ● Primary & secondary ● Short ```
27
The epidemic curve of an _____ outbreak often has a pattern reflecting the ____ of the exposure.
intermittent common-source, intermittent nature
28
Case-patients may have been exposed over a period of (days, weeks, or longer)
COMMON SOURCE OUTBREAKS
29
In a ______ the range of exposures and range of incubation periods tend to flatten and widen the peaks of the epidemic
continuous common-source outbreak
30
results from transmission from one person to another. Usually, transmission is by direct person-to-person contact, as with syphilis.
propagated outbreak
31
3 How propagated outbreak spread
(Double Vs) 1. Direct person to person (Syphilis) 2. Vehicle born (Hep. B or HIV) 3. Vector-borne (Yellow fever by mosquitoes)
32
In propagated outbreaks, cases occur over _____ incubation period
More than one
33
includes both common-source and propagated outbreak characteristics. For example, people infected through a common-source outbreak might later transmit the disease through direct contact with others.
Mixed epidemic
34
may result from sufficient prevalence of infection in host species, sufficient presence of (vectors), and sufficient (human-vector interaction)
Zoonotic or vector-borne outbreaks
35
provides information on the (geographic extent of a | problem). Also demonstrate (clusters or patterns) that provide important etiologic clues
Spot Map of a place
36
Ongoing systematic collection and analysis of data which is needed to be disseminated and put into action
SURVEILLANCE
37
6 OBJECTIVES OF SURVEILLANCE
``` (DE UAAP) 1. Estimate magnitude 2. Understand natural history of disease 3. Detect outbreaks 4. Assess quality of health care system 5. Assess safety of drugs 6. Plan and research ____________________________ Basically to detect outbreak and plan. They also have to assess drugs and health care ```
38
4 INGREDIENTS FOR SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
``` (MoLE B) ● Motivated people ● Efficient Communication ● Basic Knowledge ● Laboratory Support ```
39
9 DISEASE SURVEILLANCE TASK
``` (DIEHARD O.A) ● Establish objectives and date ● Data collection ● Organize data ● Analysis and interpretation ● Hypothesis ● Recommend ● Implement ● Disseminate ● Assessment ```
40
Minimum data collection in surveillance
(DONA) 1. Diagnosis 2. Age, sex. Address 3. Onset of symptoms 4. Name
41
3 What to calculate when you have the data
1. Rates 2. Ratios 3. Proportions
42
3 What to prepare when you have the data
1. Tables 2. Graphs 3. Charts
43
3 General Principles when analyzing data
1. Identify high risk groups 2. Compare and contrast levels of transmission 3. Identify factors that relate to disease transmission
44
Tips when COMPARING data
Present vs past | National Vs International
45
Tips when UTILIZING Data
previous data and other studies
46
Tips when MENTIONING data
programs, demography, environmental and etiologic agents
47
3 TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE
● Passive surveillance ● Active surveillance ● Sample surveys
48
Required by law, Overall prevalence, There may be under reporting or under detection for poor countries and The population may be unknow.
PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE
49
Little attention is given to individual health workers | who report the information
PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE
50
The data requested of each health worker is _____. Nonetheless, passive surveillance is often _____ because there are few incentives for health workers to report
Passive, incomplete
51
Enhanced surveillance system, Systematic data collection, Source of data is already existing, More time and resource
Sentinel Surveillance
52
Selects, either randomly or intentionally, a small group | of health workers from whom to gather data
Sentinel Surveillance
53
Detailed data on cases of illness because the health care workers have agreed to participate and may receive incentives
Sentinel Surveillance
54
2 IMPORTANCE OF SURVEILLANCE
1. determine whether measures are working | 2. to know whether the outbreak has spread outside its original area
55
2 ways on How to communicate findings after surveillance
1. Oral briefing | 2. Written report
56
Testing of health individuals especially those who are | high risk for early detection of disease
SCREENING
57
4 PRINCIPLES OF SCREENING
1. The Choice of disease to be screened 2. The nature of the screening test 3. The availability of a treatment 4. The costs of the screening.
58
Guidelines for disease screening
(SIRA) 1. Age 2. Specific lab test & Diagnostic 3. Risk Factors 4. Intervals
59
When is it too early to screen
1. Progression of disease | 2. External Influence
60
When is it a good time to screen
1. Pathological changes 2. Symptoms 3. When patient contacts doctor
61
When is it too late to screen
1. During diagnosis | 2. When cured or dead

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